Methods for PCR and HLA typing using unpurified samples

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods for amplifying a gene or RNA or sets thereof of interest using a tandem PCR process. The primers in the first PCR or set of PCR reactions are locus-specific. The primers in the second PCR or set of PCR reactions are specific for a sub-sequence of the locus-specific primers and completely consumed during the second PCR amplification. For RNA amplification, the first PCR is reverse transcription and the resulting cDNA(s) provide a template for cRNA synthesis, endpoint PCR or real time PCR. Also provided is a tandem PCR method which accepts raw, completely unpurified mouthwash, cheek swabs and ORAGENE™-stabilized saliva as the sample input, the resulting amplicons serving as the substrate for complex, microarray-based genetic testing. Also provided is a method of allelotyping a gene or set thereof by amplifying the gene(s) using tandem PCR on DNA or RNA comprising the sample.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of pending application U.S. Ser. No.12/924,301 filed Sep. 24, 2010, which claims benefit of priority under35 U.S.C. §119(e) of provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 61/281,404,filed Nov. 16, 2009, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the fields of PCR and HLA-typing. Morespecifically, the present invention discloses methods and systems for atandem PCR process to amplify DNA or RNA within a raw biologicalspecimen and subsequent HLA-typing thereof on an individual orpopulation scale in a field or medical office environment.

2. Description of the Related Art

There is a new and rapidly growing understanding of the medicalsignificance of HLA typing in current medicine. Indeed, there is a verylarge range of diagnostic and public health applications for HLA-typing.Analysis of the HLA-Locus can be viewed as the historical prototype forthe field of genetically personalized therapy (1). DNA-based HLA-Typinghas been refined over the past decade into a very accurate companiongenetic test for solid organ (2) and bone marrow transplantation therapy(3) and more recently as a companion genetic test for small moleculetherapeutics, abacavir (4), lumiracoxib (5) and as genetic screeningtests for auto-immune diseases: arthritis (6), celiac disease (7), T1D(8) and a possible screening test for vaccination responsiveness (9).For solid organ or marrow transplantation, high resolution HLA-Typingcan be performed via multiple technologies: allele specific PCR (10),Luminex beads (11), Sanger sequencing (12), next generation sequencing(13).

Each of these technologies is accurate and specific enough to supportthe full range of follow-on HLA-Typing applications. However, the newerHLA-based applications each involve a patient base that is at least100-times greater than defined by organ transplantation and entailmedical treatments which are approximately 100-times less expensive thantransplantation. Thus, in order to support the follow-on HLA-basedapplication areas in a resource-limited medical screening environment,the current panel of HLA-Typing technologies must be reduced to testswhich can be delivered in the clinic at a test cost in the $5-10 pergene range. Since DNA purification, DNA concentration determination andconcentration adjustment comprise a major fraction of the labor andconsumable cost associated with HLA-Typing, it would be desirable todevelop methods to employ the least expensive of all DNA sources(mouthwash, cheek swabs or saliva) as the sample substrate in a way thatbypasses DNA purification, DNA quantitation and DNA concentrationadjustment prior to complex genetic testing.

At present, HLA typing requires the effort of an entire moleculargenetics laboratory. Incoming blood specimens must first be purified bymethods such as spin columns or magnetic beads, followed by quantitationof the purified DNA by methods such as PicoGreen fluorimetry or UVabsorbance. The quantified DNA is then subjected to PCR amplificationand, following PCR, is then analyzed by high throughput re-sequencingor, more recently, by multiplex hybridization analysis by beads or bymicroarrays. Thus, the resulting workflow requires the effort of a fullmolecular genetics laboratory, and at least one full day to compile thefinal HLA-typing data. The complexity of such a standard workflow alsointroduces major concerns related to chain-of-custody and therequirement for complex and costly LIMS systems and workflow standardoperating procedures, to keep track of sample flow through the severalprocessing and analysis workstations.

Efforts to streamline the process have included obviating DNApurification. Previous attempts to perform PCR amplification fromunpurified blood have been problematic even with the availability ofvariants of the Taq polymerase used for standard PCR. The use of rawblood as a PCR substrate has not yielded consistent results due to theextreme sample-to-sample variation in the white cell complement of bloodand possible sample-to-sample variation in the very large excess ofblood solutes which can interfere with the underlying PCR reaction.

Mouthwash, cheek swabs and saliva constitute a robust and inexpensiveway to collect human DNA for clinical genetics, personalized therapy,and for genetic epidemiology. However, the value of those inexpensiveDNA sources is compromised, in part, by the cost and labor required topurify DNA from them, prior to genetic testing.

Thus, there is a recognized need in the art for low equipment andconsumable cost, high-throughput methods of gene amplification and HLAtyping. There is also a recognized need in the art for developingmethods to employ inexpensive DNA sources as the sample substrate in away that bypasses DNA purification, DNA quantitation and DNAconcentration adjustment prior to complex genetic testing. Specifically,the related art is deficient in a hands-free or automated, real-timehigh-resolution method of HLA typing without a need for first externallypurifying the DNA from a sample. The present invention fulfills thislong-standing need and desire in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method for amplifying a DNA ofinterest. The method comprises obtaining a raw sample comprising DNA,performing a first PCR on the raw sample to produce a first amplicon anddiluting the first amplicon. The method further comprises obtaining araw umbilical cord blood, mouthwash, cheek swabs or saliva samplecomprising DNA, performing a first PCR on said sample to produce a firstamplicon and diluting the first amplicon. The method may furthercomprise obtaining a sample comprising DNA from a bacterium or a virus.A second PCR is performed thereon until all primers used in the secondPCR reaction are consumed to produce a second amplicon, therebyamplifying the input sample DNA to a final amplified DNA productconcentration that is limited by the primer concentration in the secondPCR reaction, said second PCR reaction independent of the amount orpurity of the DNA comprising the original sample.

The present invention is directed to a related invention where the firstPCR is performed on a set of gene targets in parallel on the raw sampleto produce the first set of amplicons and diluting the first set ofamplicons. The present invention is further directed to a relatedinvention where the first PCR is performed on a set of gene targets inparallel on the raw umbilical cord blood, mouthwash, cheek swabs orsaliva sample to produce the first set of amplicons and diluting thefirst set of amplicons. The first PCR may also be performed on a set ofgene targets in parallel on the sample from a bacterium or a virus. Asecond PCR is performed on the first set using the entire set of primaryamplicon products as a set of templates for the second PCR reactionuntil all secondary PCR primers are consumed to produce a secondamplicon set, thereby amplifying the DNA.

The present invention is directed to yet another related method wherethe DNA comprises one or more genes of interest and the method furthercomprises hybridizing the second amplicon to probes having sequences ofallele variations associated with the gene of interest, detecting afluorescence pattern from the hybridized amplicon and assigning anallelotype based on the fluorescence pattern. Hybridizing is performedon microarrays designed to analyze HLA genes or other gene sets ofsimilar complexity and said microarrays are fluidically isolated byremovable gaskets or by other types of hydrophobic barriers.

The present invention also is directed to a method for amplifying one ormore RNAs of interest. The method comprises obtaining a raw biologicalsample from an individual, performing a first reverse transcription PCRon the raw biological sample to produce a first cDNA amplicon(s) anddiluting the first amplicon(s) and performing a second PCR thereon untilall primers are consumed to produce a second amplicon(s), therebyamplifying the RNA(s) of interest. The method further comprisesobtaining a raw umbilical cord blood, mouthwash, cheek swabs or salivasample, or cell culture media or a bacterial or viral sample comprisingRNA, performing a first reverse transcription step on said RNA and thendiluting said reverse-transcribed DNA sample as template into a firstPCR reaction to produce a first amplicon.

Other and further objects, features, and advantages will be apparentfrom the following description of the presently preferred embodiments ofthe invention, which are given for the purpose of disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the matter in which the above-recited features, advantages andobjects of the invention, as well as others which will become clear, areattained and can be understood in detail, more particular descriptionsand certain embodiments of the invention briefly summarized above areillustrated in the appended drawings. These drawings form a part of thespecification. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawingsillustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and therefore are notto be considered limiting in their scope.

FIGS. 1A-1B are gels showing that, beginning with 10 ng of purified DNA,the amount of final Secondary PCR amplicon product is constant over arange of Primary PCR amplicon concentrations used as template for theSecondary PCR amplification: for the HLA-A exon set 2 or 3 and HLA-DRB1exon 2 (FIG. 1A) and the HLA-B exon set 2 or 3 (FIG. 1B).

FIGS. 2A-2B are gels showing Primary and Secondary HLA-A, HLA-B, andDRB1 PCR Amplicons generated from 2 μl of whole fluid blood (FIG. 2A) or10 ng of purified human genomic DNA (FIG. 2B). Resolved on 2% AgaroseSFR gel electrophoresis (Amresco 1×TBE gel). #1: HLA-A locus specificPrimary PCR product (approx. 1,000 bp); #2: HLA-A exon 2 Secondary PCRProduct (approx. 300 bp); #3: HLA-A exon 3 Secondary PCR Product(approx. 320 bp); #4: HLA-B locus specific Primary PCR product (approx.1,000 bp); #5: HLA-B exon 2 Secondary PCR Product (approx. 320 bp); #6:HLA-B exon 3 Primary PCR product (approx. 310 bp); #7: DRB1 locusspecific Primary PCR product (approx. 650 bp); #8: DRB1 exon 2 SecondaryPCR Product (approx. 310 bp); L: Bio-Rad EZ Load ladder.

FIGS. 3A-3C are gels showing locus specific Primary PCR productsgenerated from 12 un-purified whole blood templates for HLA-A (FIG. 3A),HLA-B (FIG. 3B), and HLA-DRB1 (FIG. 3C).

FIGS. 4A-4C are gels showing exon specific Secondary PCR reactionsperformed upon the Primary PCR reaction products displayed in FIG. 3:using a set of PCR primers specific for HLA-A exon set 2 and 3,performed simultaneously as a multiplex PCR reaction (FIG. 4A), using aset of PCR primers specific for HLA-B exons 2 and 3, performedsimultaneously as a multiplex PCR reaction (FIG. 4B), and using a set ofPCR primers specific for all related variants of HLA-DRB1 exon 2,performed simultaneously as a multiplex PCR reaction (FIG. 4C). Templatefor these Secondary PCR reactions was the locus specific Primary PCRproduct, amplified directly from 12 whole blood samples shown in FIGS.3A-3C, diluted 1:100 in molecular biology grade water then applied as 2μL each into the 50 μL Secondary PCR reactions listed above. Negativecontrol is also shown.

FIG. 5A-5C are gels showing HLA-A, HLA-B, and DRB1 PCR Primary PCRproducts then Secondary PCR Amplicon sets generated from 1 μl wholefluid blood (left) compared to the same reactions performed fluidderived by re-hydration of a 3 mm dried blood spot (middle) that hadbeen re-hydrated as described in the protocol of Example 5, and the samereaction performed on 10 ng of purified DNA from the same blood specimen(right). FIGS. 5D-5F display the primary PCR reactions specific forHLA-A, HLA-B & HLA-DRB1 for these 8 unique raw blood samples obtainedfrom anonymized volunteers, while FIGS. 5G-5I display the secondary PCRreactions specific for HLA-A, HLA-B & HLA-DRB1 for the same 8 raw bloodsamples. As can be seen, although the yield of primary PCR product ishighly variable among the set of 8 raw blood samples (FIGS. 5D-5F) thesubsequent secondary PCR reaction has generated a series of amplifiedexons which are nearly identical in yield and specificity, among the setof 8 raw blood specimens (FIGS. 5G-5I). Gels were resolved on 2% AgaroseSFR (Amresco), 1×TBE gel. L: Bio-Rad EZ Load ladder. For both HLA-A andHLA-B, the secondary PCR product observed on the gel is an unresolvedpair of bands, derived from multiplex (n=2) amplification of exon2 &exon3 in the same PCR reaction.

FIGS. 6A-6G show PCR reactions for HLA-typing from rehydrated buccalswabs. De-identified buccal swabs were procured from local donors. Fourswabs were collected from each participant by vigorously swabbing up anddown twenty times per each quadrant of the mouth and placed into 15 mLconical tubes. Whole mouth swabs were taken from 12 individuals: A1-A12.Samples were dried for 72 hours under laminar flow hood. Dried swabswere then rehydrated in 150 μl of rehydration buffer (100 mM Borate+1 mMEDTA) and solubilized at 70° C. for 2× hours. The resulting fluid phasewas then mixed by pipetting. The rehydrated swabs were then stored at−20° C. until analysis. A nested (tandem) PCR reaction was thenperformed for each of the HLA loci of interest. 1 μl of raw swab eluatewas used for a primary 25 μL PCR reaction employing Roche Taqpolymerase'. The subsequent (secondary) PCR was then performed upon 2.5μL of the primary amplicon product in a total PCR reaction volume of 50μL, also employing Roche Taq polymerase. Upon completion, the residualsample (up to half the recovered volume) was extracted via QIAamp DNABlood Mini Kit (Qiagen catalog #51104). The resulting purified DNA wasrun on the same microarray HLA-typing platform. Unpurified and purifiedbuccal DNA were analyzed via microarray technology for HLA typing. Thematched, de-identified DNA from buccal swabs was compared to HLA typesobtained on the raw, unpurified samples via gel electrophoresis. 2.5microliters of each of the resulting 2° PCR reaction product was thenloaded onto a standard agarose gel. Primary locus specific PCR productsas well as the products of the secondary exon specific reaction set(performed as a single multiplex reaction) were displayed in FIG. 6A(left) along with identical reaction products obtained from 10 ng ofpurified DNA obtained from the sample (right). Bands were visualized byAmresco EZ-Vision DNA Dye. As seen, the amount of final 2° ampliconobtained from 1 μL of raw swab eluate, is similar in specificity & massyield, to the amplified HLA product obtained from 10 ng of purified DNAfrom the same sample. FIGS. 6B-6G display the product of the tandem PCRreactions performed on raw cheek swabs from a total of 12 donors. FIGS.6B-6D display the primary PCR reactions specific for HLA-A, HLA-B &HLA-DRB1 for these 12 raw buccal swab samples, while FIGS. 6E-6G displaythe secondary PCR reactions specific for HLA-A, HLA-B & HLA-DRB1 for thesample 12 raw buccal swab samples. As can be seen, although the yield ofprimary PCR product is highly variable among the set of 12 raw,re-hydrated buccal swabs samples (FIGS. 6B-6D) the subsequent secondaryPCR reaction has generated a series of amplified exons which are nearlyidentical in yield and specificity, among the set of 12 raw buccal swabspecimens (FIGS. 6E-6G).

FIGS. 7A-7L show Tandem PCR amplification of multiple HLA genes inparallel: HLA-A & HLA-DRB1. Locus-specific multiplex and exon specificmultiplex HLA-PCR reactions were performed on a set of 5 samplesretrieved from the UCLA Immunogenetics reference panel for HLA Class I.FIG. 7A diagrams the primary HLA-PCR where the locus-specific primersfor the genes HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 were used to multiplex the primary PCR.A 1:100 dilution was performed on the product of the locus-specific PCRand 2 μl of the dilution were used in a set of secondary nested PCR thattargets HLA-A exons 2 and 3 and for HLA-DRB1 exon 2. The first nestedsecondary PCR reaction amplified only HLA-A exons 2 and 3. A second PCRreaction was performed independently on the product of the primarymultiplex PCR where only HLA-DRB1 exon 2 was amplified. The thirdindependent secondary PCR reaction used the mentioned template from theprimary multiplex reaction and amplified in multiplex format the exons 2and 3 for HLA-A and exon 2 for HLA-DRB1. FIG. 7B displays the primaryPCR reactions specific for HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 where the two genes wereamplified simultaneously for 5 samples of 10 ng of human genomicpurified DNA. Two different size bands are resolved in the gelcorresponding to HLA-A at 1000 bp and HLA-DRB1 at approximately 650 bp.FIGS. 7C-7E display the secondary multiplex reactions performed afterthe first multiplex PCR of HLA-A plus HLA-DRB1 took place. FIG. 7C showsthe exon-specific HLA-PCR for HLA-A exons 2 and 3. FIG. 7D displays theexon-specific HLA-PCR for HLA-DRB1 exons 2. Finally, FIG. 7E displaysthe amplification in parallel of HLA-A exons 2 and 3, and HLA-DRB1 exon2 in the same exon specific HLA-PCR. The bands cannot be differentiatedin the gel due to the similarity of amplicon size. The fragment size forHLA-A exons 2 and 3 is approximately 320 bp while HLA-DRB1 exon 2 is 310bp long. Gels were resolved using 2% agarose gels, and visualized usingAmresco EZ-Vision DNA Dye FIG. 7F displays genotyping data of 2 sampleschosen from the UCLA Immunogenetics reference panel with known genotypesas disclosed on column labeled as UCLA. The green color on the tablescorresponds to 100% match genotypes. The blue color representsgenotyping data from GUSA matching at the serological level. White cellsrepresents mismatched genotypes or false positive hybridizationsubjected to adjustment of thresholds in analysis software.

FIGS. 7G-7L show tandem PCR amplification of multiple HLA genes inparallel: HLA-A & HLA-DRB1. Locus-specific multiplex and exon specificmultiplex HLA-PCR reactions were performed on a set of 5 samplesretrieved from the UCLA Immunogenetics reference panel for HLA Class I.FIG. 7G diagrams the primary HLA-PCR where the locus-specific primersfor the genes HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 were used to multiplex the primary PCR.A 1:100 dilution was performed on the product of the locus-specific PCRand 2 μl of the dilution were used in a set of secondary nested PCR thattargets HLA-B exons 2 and 3 and for HLA-DRB1 exon 2. The first nestedsecondary PCR reaction amplified only HLA-B exons 2 and 3. A second PCRreaction was performed independently on the product of the primarymultiplex PCR where only HLA-DRB1 exon 2 was amplified. The thirdindependent secondary PCR reaction used the mentioned template from theprimary multiplex reaction and amplified in multiplex format the exons 2and 3 for HLA-B and exon 2 for HLA-DRB1. FIG. 7H displays the primaryPCR reactions specific for HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 where the two genes wereamplified simultaneously for 5 samples of 10 ng of human genomicpurified DNA. Two different size bands are resolved in the gelcorresponding to HLA-B at 1000 bp and HLA-DRB1 at approximately 650 bp.FIGS. 7I-7K display the secondary multiplex reactions performed afterthe first multiplex PCR of HLA-B plus HLA-DRB1 took place. FIG. 7I showsthe exon-specific HLA-PCR for HLA-B exons 2 and 3. FIG. 7J displays theexon-specific HLA-PCR for HLA-DRB1 exons 2. Finally, FIG. 7K displaysthe amplification in parallel of HLA-B exons 2 and 3, and HLA-DRB1 exon2 in the same exon specific HLA-PCR. The bands cannot be differentiatedin the gel due to the similarity of amplicon size. The fragment size forHLA-B exons 2 and 3 is approximately 320 bp while HLA-DRB1 exon 2 is 310bp long. Gels were resolved using 2% agarose gels, and visualized usingAmresco EZ-Vision DNA Dye FIG. 7L displays genotyping data of 2 sampleschosen from the UCLA Immunogenetics reference panel with known genotypesas disclosed on column labeled as UCLA. The green color on the tablescorresponds to 100% match genotypes. The blue color representsgenotyping data from Genomics USA matching at the serological level.White cells in the table represent mismatched genotypes or falsepositive hybridization subjected to adjustment of thresholds in analysissoftware.

FIGS. 8A-8B are Tables showing HLA-typing obtained via microarrayanalysis for raw blood, dried blood spots (7A) and for raw buccal swabsand the corresponding DNA purified from those swabs (7B) obtained viathe methods of Examples 5& 6. Genotyping data obtained by analysis ofraw blood, re-hydrated blood spots, and purified DNA of seven differentblood samples collected in EDTA as the anticoagulant of choice wascompared to genotyping data provided by New Zealand Blood Services forvalidation. The data shows overall agreement between results atserological level in most instances and high resolution in the remainingsamples (FIG. 8A). FIG. 8B displays genotyping data of crude buccalsample eluate compared to the matching purified DNA and independentgenotyping provided by Lab Corps. The data demonstrate a high level ofagreement of the 11 samples collected locally. Green color demonstrate100% agreement between Genomics USA genotyping and Lab Corps. The blueshaded data points represent agreement at the serological level, whilewhite data points refer to failure to match the genotypes provided bythe third party.

FIG. 9 shows use of a Guthrie card for sample recovery. Up to 16umbilical cord blood specimens may be collected per 1″×3″ paper Guthriecard. The 2 mm cylindrical sample elements are fluidically isolated inthe Guthrie card by embossing 4 mm rings into the paper with ahydrophobic paint, and backing the card with plastic.

FIG. 10 shows HLA-Chip Design. HLA-Chip layout is presented in a 16array/slide format. Sixteen identical microarrays are separated,fluidically, by a removable gasket. Subsequent to room temperaturehybridization and washing, the resulting microarray data are obtained asa two-color image (right) where hybridization probe position isidentified in red (Cy-5) and experimental hybridization signals arequantified in green (Cy-3). These image data are quantified and used forfirst-level microarray analysis and then compiled to generate anHLA-Type.

FIG. 11 shows Ricimer Software for Automated HLA-Typing. A screen shotis presented for Ricimer software, a copy of which may be obtained fromthe GMS Biotech. An image of an entire 16-sample set of hybridizationdata is presented (Left, beneath) and a two-color rendering ofquantified microarray hybridization signals for a single array (Right,beneath). In the foreground is a representative HLA-Typing report forone sample, obtained from one of 16 microarrays in a slide. This reportincludes QC data related to the quality of the microarray data, as wellas the HLA-Type obtained (DRB1 in this case) along with the certainty ofthe call embodied in the standardized ASHI “string” format. Uncertaintyis also presented, when desired as a probability distribution profileamong possible alternative allele calls that are consistent with themicroarray data.

FIGS. 12A-12B are gels showing Secondary PCR Amplicons forRepresentative Samples A2 & A9. Samples A2 and A9 were diluted 1:10 forraw buccal swabs, 1:20 for raw mouthwash, and 1:50 for raw ORAGENE™kits, saliva sample collection kits, for which 1 ul was used as input onprimary (1°) PCR. Purified DNA was used undiluted at 1 ul. The primaryPCR product was diluted 1:100 prior to addition of 2.5 uL to thesecondary PCR reaction: for all samples except raw buccal swabs whichwere diluted 1:10 prior to the secondary (2°) PCR. The majority ofsamples amplified, as above, without protocol adjustment: except for rawbuccal swab collection from A11 (which failed HLA-B amplification andrequired collection of a second swab, which then amplified correctly inthe HLA-B reaction) and for raw mouthwash collection from A3: whichrequired a 1:50 dilution of the re-suspended pellet to obtain HLA-Aamplification. The following are the secondary PCR bands for each sampletype for HLA-A, B, and DRB1. 1. Raw Buccal Swab Eluate; 2. PurifiedBuccal Swab Eluate; 3. Raw ORAGENE™ Eluate (ON-500); 4. Raw PostIncubation ORAGENE™ Eluate (ON-500); 5. Purified ORAGENE™ Eluate(ON-500); 6. Raw ORAGENE™ Eluate (OG-510); 7. Raw Post IncubationORAGENE™ Eluate (OG-510); 8. Purified ORAGENE™ Eluate (OG-510); 9. RawMouthwash Collection Eluate; 10. Purified Mouthwash Eluate.

FIGS. 13A-13F show Correlation of Microarray Data: Raw vs. Purified DNASamples: HLA-A. Microarray image data, obtained from microarrays havebeen analyzed to generate the integrated intensity for each of themicroarray probe spots. Such microarrays are manufactured with probesprinted in triplicate. For the data, the numerical average of thosesimple repeats has been used for analysis. The data are presented asscatter plots, where the Y-axis comprises microarray probe intensitydata for each probe, obtained from hybridization to purified DNA samplesthat had been extracted from each of the several sample types. TheX-axis comprises the microarray hybridization data obtained from thecorresponding matched raw samples: i.e. each data point on such scatterplots corresponds to an ordered pair [x, y] obtained from a singlemicroarray probe, for two matched sample types [raw, purified DNA].These data have been fit to a simple linear regression [y=mx+b] to yielda slope (m) and intercept (b) and a squared linear correlationcoefficient R². 6 sets of purified vs. raw samples have been analyzed:buccal swabs, mouthwash, ORAGENE™ OG-510, ORAGENE™ OG-510 without heattreatment, ORAGENE™ ON-500, ORAGENE™ ON-500 with heat treatment. Datahave been displayed for only one of the 12 volunteers (A6). FIGS.13A-13F correspond to HLA-A microarray data from A6.

FIGS. 14A-14F show Correlation of Microarray Data: Raw vs. Purified DNASamples: HLA-B. Microarray image data, obtained from arrays have beenanalyzed to generate the integrated intensity for each of the microarrayprobe spots. Such microarrays are manufactured with probes printed intriplicate. For the data, the numerical average of those simple repeatshas been used for analysis. The data are presented as scatter plots,where the Y-axis comprises microarray probe intensity data obtained frompurified DNA samples that had been extracted from each of the severalsample types. The X-axis comprises the microarray hybridization dataobtained from the corresponding matched raw samples: i.e. each datapoint on such scatter plots corresponds to an ordered pair [x,y]obtained from a single microarray probe for the two related sample types[raw, purified DNA]. These data have been fit to a simple linearregression [y=mx+b] to yield a slope (m) and intercept (b) and a squaredlinear correlation coefficient R². 6 sets of purified vs. raw sampleshave been analyzed: buccal swabs, mouthwash, ORAGENE™ OG-510, ORAGENE™OG-510 without heat treatment, ORAGENE™ ON-500, ORAGENE™ ON-500 withheat treatment. FIGS. 14A-14F correspond to HLA-B microarray data fromA6.

FIGS. 15A-15F show Correlation of Microarray Data: Raw vs. Purified DNASamples: HLA-DRB₁. Microarray image data, obtained from arrays have beenanalyzed to generate the integrated intensity for each of the microarrayprobe spots. Such microarrays are manufactured with probes printed intriplicate. For the data, the numerical average of those simple repeatshas been used for analysis. The data are presented as scatter plots,where the Y-axis comprises microarray probe intensity data obtained frompurified DNA samples that had been extracted from each of the severalsample types. The X-axis comprises the microarray hybridization dataobtained from the corresponding matched raw samples: i.e. each datapoint on such scatter plots corresponds to an ordered pair [x,y]obtained from a single microarray probe for the two related sample types[raw, purified DNA]. These data have been fit to a simple linearregression [y=mx+b] to yield a slope (m) and intercept (b) and a squaredlinear correlation coefficient R². 6 sets of purified vs. raw sampleshave been analyzed: buccal swabs, mouthwash, ORAGENE™ OG-510, ORAGENE™OG-510 without heat treatment, ORAGENE™ ON-500, ORAGENE™ ON-500 withheat treatment. FIGS. 15A-15F correspond to HLA-DRB₁ microarray datafrom A6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the term, “a” or “an” may mean one or more. As usedherein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word“comprising”, the words “a” or “an” may mean one or more than one. Asused herein “another” or “other” may mean at least a second or more ofthe same or different claim element or components thereof.

As used herein, the term “or” in the claims refers to “and/or” unlessexplicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternativesare mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definitionthat refers to only alternatives and “and/or”.

As used herein, the terms “individual” or “population” refers to donorsor potential donors of the biological specimen, for example, raw blood,used in the amplification and HLA-typing methods described herein.

As used herein, the terms “raw sample” or “raw biological sample” referto an unprocessed or unpurified sample, with the exception of thosesteps required to rehydrate the raw sample if it is or has been dried,that is used for a first amplification as described herein.

In one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a methodfor amplifying a DNA of interest, comprising obtaining a raw samplecomprising DNA; performing a first PCR on the raw sample to produce afirst amplicon; diluting the first amplicon; and performing a second PCRthereon until all primers used in the second PCR reaction are consumedto produce a second amplicon, thereby amplifying the input sample DNA toa final amplified DNA product concentration that is limited by theprimer concentration in the second PCR reaction, said second PCRreaction independent of the amount or purity of the DNA comprising theoriginal sample.

Further to this embodiment the method may comprise labeling the secondPCR primer with one or more fluorophores. An example of a fluorophore isa cyanine dye. In another further embodiment the method may comprisesequencing the second amplicon for an analysis thereof. In this furtherembodiment analysis may determine one or more of identity, paternity ofan individual, forensic information, tissue matching, risk factors forthe development of disease, or response to medication.

In another embodiment of the present invention there is provided amethod for amplifying a DNA of interest, comprising obtaining a sampleof interest such as including but not limited to a raw umbilical cordblood sample, a sample mouthwash obtained from the individual's mouth, acheek swab sample or a saliva sample, viral or bacterial samplecomprising DNA; performing a first PCR on said sample to produce a firstamplicon; diluting the first amplicon; and performing a second PCRthereon until all primers used in the second PCR reaction are consumedto produce a second amplicon, thereby amplifying the input sample DNA toa final amplified DNA product concentration that is limited by theprimer concentration in the second PCR reaction, said second PCRreaction independent of the amount or purity of the DNA comprising theoriginal sample.

In one aspect of all embodiments the method may comprise performing thefirst PCR on a set of gene targets in parallel on the raw sample toproduce a first set of amplicons; diluting the first set of amplicons;and performing a second PCR thereon, using the entire set of primaryamplicon products as a set of templates for the second PCR reactionuntil all secondary PCR primers are consumed to produce a secondamplicon set, thereby amplifying the DNA. In this aspect less than 5gene targets, less than 10 gene targets or less than 20 gene targets maybe amplified in parallel. Also, the gene targets may be HLA-DRB1, DQ-A1and DQB1. may be DQ-A1 and DQ-B1 or may be HLA-B and KIR. Also, the genetargets are two hypervariable regions near the mitochondrial origin ofreplication and one or more additional mitochondrial genes. In additionthe gene targets may be segments of microbe-specific microbial 16S DNAgenes such that the method detects microbes in the raw samples.

In another aspect of all embodiments the method may comprise performingthe first PCR on a set of gene targets in parallel on the raw umbilicalcord blood sample, mouthwash sample, cheek swab sample, saliva sample,viral or bacterial sample to produce a first set of amplicons withsubsequent dilution and performing the second PCR thereon, as describedsupra.

In another aspect of all embodiments the DNA comprises one or more genesof interest and the method may further comprise hybridizing the secondamplicon to probes having sequences of allele variations associated withthe gene of interest; detecting a fluorescence pattern from thehybridized amplicon; and assigning an allelotype based on thefluorescence pattern. The gene(s) of interest may be an HLA-A gene, anHLA-B gene, an HLA-DRB1 gene, an HLA-DQA1 gene, or an HLA-DQB1 gene. Inthe case of the HLA genes, hybridizing may be performed on HLA-Chipscontaining microarrays, and said microarrays are fluidically isolated byremovable gaskets or functionally-similar hydrophobic barriers. Inanother aspect of these embodiments the method may further comprisesequencing the second amplicon(s) for an analysis thereof, and analyzingthe sequencing data using the Ricimer allele calling algorithm. In thisaspect analysis may determine the type of viral or bacterialcontamination. In this aspect analysis may also determine one or more ofidentity, paternity of an individual, forensic information, tissuematching, risk factors for the development of disease, or response tomedication.

In all embodiments the primers for the first PCR may be locus-specificprimers. Examples of locus-specific primers may have sequences shown inSEQ ID NOS: 1-14. Also, in all embodiments the primers for the secondPCR reaction target DNA sequences may be contained within the amplifiedproduct of the first PCR reaction. In one aspect, the primers for thesecond PCR reaction may be a set of multiple exon-specific primers.Particularly, exon-specific primers may have sequences shown in SEQ IDNOS: 15-27. Furthermore, the raw sample may be fresh or rehydrated andcomprises unprocessed fluid blood, dried unprocessed blood, a freshbuccal swab sample, a dried buccal swab sample, fecal material sample, avaginal sample or a sample obtained by swabbing an animate or inanimatesurface or object. Further still in all embodiments the DNA may bemitochondrial DNA.

In all embodiments the method for amplifying a DNA of interest maycomprise obtaining said sample, which comprises the step of contactingsaid sample on Guthrie card and rehydrating said sample. The Guthriecard may contain fluidically isolated rings, wherein the rings areoutlined with hydrophobic paint. A representative example of a salivasample is an ORAGENE™-stabilized sample.

In another embodiment of the present invention there is provided amethod for amplifying one or more RNAs of interest, comprising obtaininga raw biological sample from an individual; performing a first reversetranscription reaction on the raw biological sample to produce a firstcDNA product; diluting the first cDNA product(s) to form the template ina first PCR reaction and performing a PCR reaction thereon until allprimers are consumed to produce PCR amplicon(s), thereby amplifying theRNA(s) of interest.

Further to this embodiment the method comprises labeling the second PCRprimers with one or more fluorophores. An example of a fluorophore is acyanine dye. In both embodiments the raw biological sample may be freshor rehydrated and comprises blood, a buccal sample, or a vaginal sampleor other sample obtained by swabbing an animate surface or object.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is provided amethod for amplifying one or more RNAs of interest, comprising obtaininga raw umbilical cord blood sample from an individual, a sample ofmouthwash expelled from said individual, cheek swabs from saidindividual, a saliva sample from said individual, a sample from abacterium or a virus; performing a first reverse transcription reactionon the raw biological sample to produce a first cDNA product; dilutingthe first cDNA product(s) to form the template in a first PCR reactionand performing a PCR reaction thereon until all primers are consumed toproduce PCR amplicon(s), thereby amplifying the RNA(s) of interest.

In one aspect of these embodiments the method may comprise hybridizingthe second amplicon or set of amplicons to probes having sequencescomplementary to an area of interest in a gene sequence; detecting afluorescence pattern from the hybridized amplicon; and identifying oneor more genes or allelotypes thereof based on the fluorescence pattern.Examples of a gene are one or more of an HLA-A gene, an HLA-B gene, anHLA-DRB1 gene, an HLA DQA1 gene, an HLA DQB1 gene or a KIR gene. In thecase of HLA genes, hybridizing may be performed on HLA-Chips containingmicroarrays, and said microarrays may be fluidically isolated byremovable gaskets. In another aspect of these embodiments the method mayfurther comprise sequencing the second amplicon(s) for an analysisthereof, and analyzing the sequencing data using the Ricimer allelecalling algorithm. In this aspect analysis may determine the type ofviral or bacterial contamination. In this aspect analysis may alsodetermine one or more of identity, paternity of an individual, forensicinformation, tissue matching, risk factors for the development ofdisease, or response to medication.

In all embodiments the second PCR may be linear PCR and the secondamplicon(s) are cRNA(s). Alternatively, the second PCR may be real timePCR and the primers are exon specific to the first cDNA amplicon(s). Inaddition, the first amplicon(s) are one or more of an HLA-A, an HLA-B oran HLA-DBR1, an HLA-DQA1, or an HLA-DQ-B1 cDNA(s) and the exon-specificprimers have a sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS: 15-27. Furthermore the rawsample may be as described supra.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is provided amethod for allelotyping a gene of interest, comprising obtaining a rawbiological sample from one or more individuals; performing a first PCRon the raw biological sample using primers specific to the gene locus ora defined set of gene loci to produce a first amplicon or first set ofamplicons; diluting the first amplicon or first set of amplicons andperforming a second PCR with the amplicon(s) serving as the template forthe second PCR reaction using primers specific to an exon or a set ofexons within the gene locus until all primers are consumed to produce anamplicon set from the second PCR reaction; hybridizing the secondamplicon or amplicon set to probes having sequences of allele variationsassociated with the gene or gene set of interest; detecting a signalfrom the hybridized amplicon or amplicon set; and assigning anallelotype based on the detected hybridization signal. In an aspect ofthis embodiment the first amplicon or amplicon set may be cDNA amplifiedfrom RNA comprising the sample and the second PCR is linear PCR or realtime PCR performed thereon.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is provided amethod for allelotyping a gene of interest, comprising obtaining a rawumbilical cord blood sample, mouthwash sample, cheek swab sample orsaliva sample from one or more individuals, viral or bacterial sample;performing a first PCR on said sample using primers specific to the genelocus or a defined set of gene loci to produce a first amplicon or firstset of amplicons; diluting the first amplicon or first set of ampliconsand performing a second PCR as described supra.

In all these embodiments the detectable signal may be fluorescence wherethe second PCR primer pairs are labeled with one or more fluorophores.An example of a fluorophore is a cyanine dye. Also, the first and secondPCR primer sequences, the gene of interest, the raw biological sampleand the raw umbilical cord blood sample, mouthwash sample, cheek swabsample or saliva sample, viral or bacterial sample may be as describedsupra. In addition the individuals may comprise a population in a fieldenvironment.

Provided herein are methods and systems for individual orpopulation-scale amplification and HLA-typing of DNA or RNA using a rawspecimen. For example, although not limited to, microfabricated devicesor “Lab-on-a-Chip” (LoC) devices provide high value, clinically relevantapplications in diagnostics or public health. Implementing the instantmethods and systems enables a rapid, miniaturized point-of-collectionanalysis of DNA or RNA that significantly lowers costs in equipment andconsumables. Particularly, the methods and systems provided herein allowthe user to completely bypass DNA purification and subsequent DNAquantitation prior to HLA-typing.

HLA-Chip layout is presented in a 16 array/slide format. Sixteenidentical microarrays are separated, fluidically, by a removable gasketor by a functionally equivalent hydrophobic barrier.

Thus, the present invention provides a method of DNA or RNAamplification from a raw biological specimen. The specimen may be, butnot limited to, blood, such as is obtained from a finger prick on one ormore individuals or heel prick on neonates and older infants. Thespecimen may be used immediately in droplet form for amplification ordried onto a card, e.g., a Guthrie card, for subsequent re-hydration,followed by amplification or other processing. The methods for obtaininga blood sample or drop, as well as drying, storing and rehydrating ablood drop, are well-known and standard in the art. The quantity of rawblood or rehydrated dried blood useful for amplification is about 1-2microliters. The raw blood samples may be collected from a singleindividual or from a population. Collection of samples may be performedin the field, at a diagnostic laboratory or in a clinic or doctor'soffice. Amplification of DNA and subsequent HLA-typing using theamplicon may be performed in real-time at the point of collection.

The specimen may also be, but not limited to, epithelial cells, such asis obtained from a cheek swab with a Q-tip on one or more adults orneonates or older infants. The specimen may be used immediately as a wetswab for amplification or air-dried for subsequent re-hydration,followed by amplification or other processing. The methods for obtaininga swab sample, as well as drying, storing and rehydrating a swab sampleare well-known and standard in the art. The quantity of raw moist swabmaterial or rehydrated dried swab material useful for amplification isabout 1-2 microliters. The raw swab samples may be collected from asingle individual or from a population. Collection of samples may beperformed in the field, at a diagnostic laboratory or in a clinic ordoctor's office. Amplification of DNA and subsequent HLA-typing usingthe amplicon may be performed in real-time at the point of collection orupon shipping to a regional laboratory.

The enriched umbilical cord blood specimens may be collected, stabilizedand recovered by transfer to Guthrie card, air drying, then recovered byrehydration. Up to 16 umbilical cord blood specimens may be collectedper 1″×3″ paper Guthrie card. In some instances, 2 mm cylindrical sampleelements are fluidically isolated in the Guthrie card by embossing 4 mmrings into the paper with a hydrophobic paint, and backing the card withplastic.

PCR amplification of DNA on such fluidically-isolated specimens onGuthrie Cards is performed on the collected raw specimen without havingto first purify the DNA: using highly gene- or locus-specific primers,as is currently done via well-known and standard methods. Examples oflocus specific primers have the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-14.Tandem PCRs (PCR #1, the PCR #2) are run such that the first PCRreaction occurs on the raw specimen, such as blood, or rehydrated driedblood spots, rehydrated raw swab eluate or a fecal sample. It is knownthat because of uncontrolled contamination of the specimen with PCRinhibitors in the blood or swab material, the yield of the primary PCRreaction can vary significantly. This has been responsible for thegeneral failure of such raw blood or raw swab PCR in a commercialsetting.

However, in the present invention, the second PCR reaction occurs usingthe product of the first PCR reaction with a subset or sub-sequence oflocus-specific primers, such as, but not limited to, exon-specificprimers. Examples of exon specific primers have the sequences shown inSEQ ID NOS: 15-27. Because the second PCR reaction is set up to beprimer-limited, that is, the second PCR reaction intentionally proceedsuntil all added PCR primer oligonucleotides are consumed, the amount ofPCR product derived from the second PCR reaction becomes independent ofthe variable amount of product obtained in the first PCR reaction.Consequently, the significant variation in the yield of the first PCRreaction due to uncontrolled contamination from within the raw bloodspecimen, is corrected by the self-limiting nature of the secondreaction. Moreover, the product of the first PCR reaction issignificantly diluted into the second PCR reaction, thus minimizing theeffect of PCR inhibitors that had contaminated the raw specimen at theoutset. The net result is a predetermined amount of final PCR productalways being obtained via the use of this series of two PCR reactions,i.e., the amount of final product always will be determined by theamount of PCR primer used in the second of the two PCR reactions.Moreover, via significant dilution of the primary PCR reaction into thesecond PCR reaction, the overall tandem PCR reaction is thussubstantially independent of uncontrolled variations in PCR inhibitorcontamination within the original raw sample.

RNA amplification may be accomplished using the tandem PCR methodsdescribed herein. As with DNA amplification, a raw blood sample, eitherfresh or a rehydrated dry sample is obtained and a reverse transcription(RT) reaction is performed followed by PCR, e.g., real time PCR,endpoint PCR or linear cRNA amplification or synthesis.

The amplicon, which may be, but not limited to, an amplified humanleukocyte antigen gene HLA-A, HLA-B or HLA-DRB1 or DQA1 or DQB1 gene orthe HLA receptor KIR, is hybridized to a microarray or chip comprisingpanels of overlapping probes spanning a region of interest within one ormore exons in the gene, such as an allele variation as in a singlenucleotide polymorphism. The exon-specific primers may be labeled with amoiety or dye that produce a detectable signal. For example, withfluorophore-labeled primers, e.g., with a cyanine dye such as Cy3 orCy5, which are exon specific. Hybridized amplicon-probe pairs cantherefore be detected and hybridization patterns associated with anallelotype. A representative microarray design is disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 7,354,710 and U.S. Publication Nos. 20070298425 and 20090011949,hereby incorporated by reference. Also, for example, U.S. PublicationNo. 20070298425 discloses HLA primers to amplify HLA-A, HLA-B andHLA-DRB1 genes and HLA probe sequences accounting for allele variationsin the HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 genes suitable for site-specifichybridization.

Alternatively, a nucleic acid sequence or length analysis may beperformed on the second DNA or RNA amplicon using standard and knownprocedures, such as, but not limited to pyrosequencing. Such analysis isuseful to obtain HLA types, or to obtain the identity and/or paternityof an individual. For example, length dependent analysis of nucleicacids is the basis for most current human identification via the shortterminal repeat (STR)-based identifier reaction. Also, sequence orlength analysis may provide useful forensic information from samplesobtained at, for example, a crime scene. Furthermore, the tandem PCRreactions described herein may be performed on mitochondrial DNA for thepurposes of human identification. Using mitochondrial DNA may beparticularly useful when the sample is compromised, such as very smallor degraded, because of its increased copy number. The tandem PCRmethods provided herein are useful when the sample mitochondrial DNAcomprises two hyper-variable regions near the mitochondrial origin ofreplication and one or more additional mitochondrial genes. In addition,the tandem PCR reactions described herein may be performed on genes orgene sets other than HLA or KIR or mitochondrial DNA, particularly geneset analysis for the purposes of assessing disease risk or response tomedication. Furthermore, the tandem PCR reactions may be performed onsegments of microbe-specific microbial 16S DNA genes. Because microbial16S DNA genes differ among microbes, the methods described herein areuseful for detecting microbes present in the raw samples, for example,fecal matter.

Additionally, the instant methods are not limited to raw blood as thesample source. Most particularly, the methods can be used to processDNA- or RNA-containing specimens obtained by swabbing the inside of themouth or the vaginal area, or a skin surface or other surfaces orobjects. Furthermore, the swabbed surfaces or objects may be inanimateand the obtained sample may be processed via the instant methods toobtain evidence at a crime scene.

If the sample is fluid, as from a mouth or buccal swab, the resultingsample can be used directly, by squeezing the fluid from the swab,without DNA purification, to support tandem PCR or tandem RT-then-PCR asdescribed herein. As with dried blood on paper cards, if theswab-containing sample is dry, or became dry after air-drying, it may berehydrated and then, the resulting re-hydrated swab sample may be used,also without nucleic acid purification, to support the instant methodsdescribed herein.

The PCR amplification methods provided herein may be designed forperformance on a system comprising a Laboratory on a Chip (LoC), forexample, but not limited to, an HLA. The HLA-LoC replaces the entireworkflow required for current, standard and well-known HLA-typingprotocols with a single integrated workstation that requires only onetechnician for operation. A single technician needs only to loadpre-fabricated chips and reagents into the workstation and to pipettethe input blood specimens into the chip. Also, if necessary, onetechnician can tend to several stations in parallel. A hands-off dutycycle from sample loading to final HLA-type is less than 1 hour perspecimen. The HLA-LoC is suitable for use in a doctor's office on anindividual basis or field clinic among a population. In addition it iscontemplated that with automation the HLA-Loc could become the standardfor all HLA-typing labs.

A tandem PCR method provided herein accepts raw, completely unpurifiedmouthwash, cheek swabs and ORAGENE™-stabilized saliva or other DNAcontaining samples as the sample input, the resulting amplicons servingas the substrate for complex, microarray-based genetic testing. As amodel for such “raw sample genotyping”, microarray-based analysis of 3genes within the HLA locus [HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1] was used due totheir well-known genetic complexity and because analysis of this 3-genetriplet comprises the core genetic test for solid organ, marrow andother types of stem cell transplantation: applications which mightbenefit from this sort of simplified approach to sample collection andprocessing.

A new way to use microarrays for HLA-typing based on purified DNA andalso the corresponding raw sample as the analyte is demonstrated herein.This new approach to raw sample genotyping relies on tandem PCRamplification of the DNA-containing sample: that is, a primary (1°) PCRreaction is performed on a raw sample, even if the yield of the primaryPCR amplicon were to vary wildly as a function of endogenous PCRinhibitors or its DNA content, if a small fraction of the ampliconproduct is diluted 10-100-fold into a secondary PCR reaction, then theoffending inhibitors would be diluted-out and the secondary reactionwould proceed as if the sample had been purified. The subsequentsecondary PCR reaction is then performed under conditions that areprimer limiting: that is, where the reaction proceeds until allsecondary PCR primers are consumed.

By combining those two attributes [the use of raw sample in the 1° PCR+aprimer-limited 2° PCR reaction] one can determine if raw orally-derivedsamples can be used directly for A, B & DRB1 allelotyping, in a way thatproduces a predetermined final 2° amplicon concentration, therebyobviating both DNA purification & DNA quantitation in the samplepreparation workflow.

Thus, an HLA-typing system comprises means for running tandem PCR, suchas a PCR module, an HLA-LoC chip, a microarray platform forhybridization which includes a microarray reader and software fordigitizing and analyzing hybridization data. The system also comprisesthe necessary processors and memory and storage components as requiredto operate the system and as are known and standard in the art. It iscontemplated that all of the sample processing steps are automated in asimple cartridge format. Particularly, and without being limiting, thetwo analytical instruments comprising the system, i.e., the PCR moduleand microarray reader are integrated into one inexpensive device, usinga modular architecture approach. With the modular approach this systemcan be optimized to meet various throughput requirements from thoseoccurring at point-of-collection in a doctor's office or field clinicor, at the other extreme, those occurring in a centralized laboratory,such as in an ASHI-certified tissue typing laboratory.

The instant methods of HLA typing or analysis of other genes is notlimited to Lab on a Chip applications. Via similar application of theinstant tandem PCR methods, or the related application of tandemRT-then-PCR methods, the instant methods may also be used to enableHLA-typing without nucleic acid purification for batchwise processing(in a non Lab on a Chip format) as would be performed if the tandemreactions were performed in lots of 96 reactions in parallel, to befollowed by analysis of the resulting secondary PCR amplicon bymicroarrays, or other methods of genetic analysis that could beperformed in parallel.

It is contemplated that PCR #1+PCR #2 methods and systems may be usedfor other PCR-based genetic tests to replace the standard DNApurification+DNA quantitation+PCR steps. Also, it is contemplated thatthe method of HLA-typing provided herein is useful for other medical orhealth applications. For example, HLA-typing is required for solid organtransplantation and bone marrow and stem cell transplantation. Inaddition, the instant methods of HLA-typing may be useful for publichealth applications, such as, but not limited to, personalizedvaccination responsiveness, HLA-based variation in infectious diseaserisk and HLA-based sensitivity to autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, itis contemplated that a purification free RNA analysis is useful as adiagnostic tool for early stage sepsis, or adverse drug reaction (ADR)using raw blood lymphocyte RNA expression as the analyte set ofinterest.

It is demonstrated in the study of twelve volunteers, referred to asA1-A12, that this tandem PCR method amplifies A, B and DRB1 from rawmouthwash, raw cheek swab fluid and from raw ORAGENE™-stabilized salivain a way that standardizes the amount of the resulting PCR product:generating a fixed DNA yield that is determined by the PCR reactionconditions themselves, rather than by the amount of DNA in the sample,or its purity. It is demonstrated that for A, B & DRB1, thoseself-limiting PCR reactions produce a PCR product that can be used,as-is, for HLA-Typing via microarray technology. It is shown for alltwelve volunteers, that the resulting microarray data obtained from thethree classes of raw sample are very similar, in a statistical sense, tothat obtained from the corresponding matched purified DNA and that, uponsubsequent analysis to yield HLA-Types from the microarray data, highresolution HLA allelotype calls are obtained for all twelve volunteersand were found to be similar for all sample type variants to thecorresponding HLA-Type obtained on purified DNA, with standardizedHLA-Typing methods, performed in an ASHI-certified nationaltissue-typing laboratory.

It is contemplated that a more extensive, multiple laboratory validationof “raw sample HLA-Typing” may be warranted, as a low-cost way to obtainHLA-Typing data to support large-scale applications such as bone marrowand stem cell banking or public health screening applications, alsobased on HLA-Typing, that are now widely discussed: including theheritable component of infection responsiveness, personalized vaccineresponsiveness, the heritable risk of autoimmunity and companion testingfor adverse drug reaction.

Generally, HLA-typing may be viewed as the prototype for the broaderfield of complex, regulated genotyping. Based on the preliminaryagreement seen here between HLA-types obtained from raw vs. purified DNAsamples, it is useful to consider the possibility that such raw samplegenotyping might be applied to other complex genetic test panels, andtechnologies other than microarrays: thus bypassing DNA purification insupport of a broader range of simplified genetic screening.

The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating variousembodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the presentinvention. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the presentinvention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the endsand advantages mentioned, as well as those ends and advantages inherentherein. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed within thespirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims will occurto those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLE 1 Tandem PCR Yields Constant 2° Product Over Wide 1° InputAmounts

2 μl of raw blood was used as the template for the primary,locus-specific HLA PCR reactions required for HLA-Chip analysis.Amplification was performed via the Finnzymes PHUSION® Blood Direct kit.Different amounts of that primary, locus specific PCR product were thendiluted in H2O and used as template for the secondary, self limiting,exon-specific PCR reactions. One microliter of each of the resulting 2°PCR reaction product was then loaded onto a standard acrylamide gel.HLA-A exons 2 and 3 and HLA-DRB1 exon 2 (FIG. 1A) and HLA-B exons 2 and3 (FIG. 1B) were visualized by Amresco EZ-Vision DNA Dye. Positivecontrols on the gel refer to the product of the same tandem HLA PCRreactions, but instead using 10 ng of highly-purified Roche DNA as theoriginal sample input. As seen, the amount of final 2° amplicon obtainedfrom 2 μl of raw blood, is nearly independent of the amount of 1°amplicon used in the reaction, and similar in specificity & mass yield,to the amplified HLA product obtained from 10 ng of purified Roche DNA.

EXAMPLE 2 Generation of HLA Locus-specific Amplicons

HLA locus-specific amplicons are generated from 2 μl whole fluid blood(FIG. 2A) via the PCR reaction using the PHUSION BLOOD DIRECT® kitcommercially available from Finnzymes (Woburn, Mass.). Reactionconditions are as follows: 1× PHUSION® Blood PCR Buffer, 0.8 μl PHUSION®Blood DNA Polymerase, 1.75 mM EDTA, 400 nM each primer in a 20 μlreaction volume. Reactions are cycled using the following protocol:initial denaturing at 98° C. for 5 minutes followed by 35 cycles of i)denature at 98° C. for 5 seconds, ii) anneal at 70° C. for 5 seconds,and iii) extend at 72° C. for 30 seconds, and one final extension at 72°C. for 1 minute.

When amplifying HLA loci from purified DNA (FIG. 2B), 10 ng of genomicDNA is used as template for PCR using Roche (Basel, Switzerland)FastStart Taq DNA Polymerase under the following conditions: 1×PCRBuffer (without Mg⁺⁺), 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.16 mg/ml BSA (fraction V), 0.05μM each dNTP, 400 nM each primer, and 1 unit of Taq in a total reactionvolume of 25 μl. These reactions are cycled using the followingprotocol: initial denaturing at 98° C. for 5 minutes followed by 35cycles of i) denature at 98° C. for 5 sec, ii) anneal at 70° C. for 1minute, and iii) extend at 72° C. for 30 sec, then a final 72° C.extension for 7 minutes.

HLA Locus Specific Primary PCR Primer Sequences

-   HLA-A locus primary primer pair:

Forward primer 1: (SEQ ID NO: 1) 5′- GCC TCT GYG GGG AGA AGC AA -3′Reverse primer 1: (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′- GTC CCA ATT GTC TCC CCT CCT T -3′

-   HLA-B locus primary primer pair set:

Forward primer 2a: (SEQ ID NO: 3) 5′- GGG AGG AGC GAG GGG ACC GCA G -3′Forward primer 2b: (SEQ ID NO: 4) 5′- GGG AGG AGA GAG GGG ACC GCA G -3′Forward primer 2c: (SEQ ID NO: 5) 5′- GGG AGG AGC AAG GGG ACC GCA G -3′Reverse primer 1: (SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′- GGA GGC CAT CCC GGG CGA TCT AT -3′Reverse primer 3: (SEQ ID NO: 7) 5′- GGA GGC CAT CCC CGG CGA CCT AT -3′Reverse primer 3a: (SEQ ID NO: 8)5′- TTC TCC ATT CAA CGG AGG GCG ACA -3′ Reverse primer 3b:(SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′- TTC TCC ATT CAA GGG AGG GCG ACA -3′

-   HLA-DRB1 locus primary primer pair set:

Forward primer 1a: (SEQ ID NO: 10) 5′- CTT GGA GGT CTC CAG AAC AGG -3′Forward primer 1b: (SEQ ID NO: 11) 5′- CTT AGA GGT CTC CAG AAC CGG -3′Reverse primer 4-xx: (SEQ ID NO: 12) 5′- CACACACACACACACACTCAGATTC -3′Reverse primer 4-07: (SEQ ID NO: 13) 5′- CACACACACAACCACACTCAGATTC -3′Reverse primer 4-10: (SEQ ID NO: 14) 5′- CACACACACACACAGAGTCAGATTC -3′

The product from the locus-specific reactions (FIGS. 3A-3C), diluted1:100 in molecular biology grade water, are used as a template forsubsequent exon-specific “nested” PCR reactions (FIGS. 4A-4C). PCRreactions are performed using Applied Biosystems' (Foster City, Calif.)AMPLITAQ GOLD® DNA Polymerase in a 100 μl reaction volume with thefollowing components: 5 μl of 1:100 diluted locus specific PCR product,1×PCR Buffer II, 1.5 mM MgCL₂, 0.16 mg/ml BSA (fraction V), 0.2 mM eachdNTP, 400 nM each primer, and 4 units of AMPLITAQ GOLD® DNA Polymerase.Cycling conditions are: initial denaturation at 94° C. for 2 minutesfollowed by 40 cycles of (i) denaturing at 98° C. for 30 seconds, (ii)annealing at 68° C. for 30 seconds, and (iii) extension at 72° C. for 30seconds, then a final extension step of 72° C. for 7 minutes.Exon-specific PCR primers are labeled with Cyannine 3 dye to facilitatedetection of positive hybridization events by laser excitation/emissionin a microarray scanner such as a ProScan Array HT (Perkin-Elmer,Waltham, Mass.).

Exon Specific Secondary PCR Primer Sequences

-   HLA-A exon 2 secondary primer pair:

Forward primer 2b-24: (SEQ ID NO: 15)5′-(cy3) AGCCTGGTTCACTSCTCGYCCCCAGGCTC -3′ Reverse primer 2a-28:(SEQ ID NO: 16) 5′-(cy3) TAC TAC AAC CTT GCC TCG CTC TGG TTG TAGTAG C -3′

-   HLA-A exon 3 secondary primer pair:

Forward primer 2b-24: (SEQ ID NO: 17)5′-(cy3) GTGAGAACTAGTCSGGGCCAGGTTCTCACA -3′ Reverse primer 2b-26:(SEQ ID NO: 18) 5′-(cy3) GTACCAGGTTCCCGTGGCCCCYGGTACC -3′

-   HLA-B exon 2 secondary primer pair:

Forward primer 2c-20: (SEQ ID NO: 19)5′-(cy3) ACCCTCTTGAGCCGCGCCGGKAGGAGGGTC-3′ Reverse primer 2a-28:(SEQ ID NO: 20) 5′-(cy3) TAC TAC AAC CTT GCC TCG CTC TGG TTG TAGTAG C -3′

-   HLA-B exon 3 secondary primer pair:

Forward primer 2a-22: (SEQ ID NO: 21)5′-(cy3) GTGAGACTTACCGGGGCCAGGGTCTCACA -3′ Reverse primer 2a-26:(SEQ ID NO: 22) 5′-(cy3) GTA CCA GGT TCC CAC TGC CCC TGG TAC C -3′

-   DRB1 exon 2 secondary primer pair set:

Forward primer 3-xx-24: (SEQ ID NO: 23)5′-(cy3) AAC GTG CTT TTT CGT GTC CCC ACA GCA CGT TTC -3′Forward primer 3-04-24: (SEQ ID NO: 24)5′-(cy3) AAC GTG CTT TTT CTT GTC CCC CCA GCA CGT TTC -3′Forward primer 3-07-24: (SEQ ID NO: 25)5′-(cy3) AAC GTG CTT TTT TGT GCC CCC ACA GCA CGT TTC -3Reverse primer 3-xx-20: (SEQ ID NO: 26)5′-(cy3) TGCAGCTTTGCTCACCTCGCCGCTGCAC -3′ Reverse primer 3-09-22:(SEQ ID NO: 27) 5′-(cy3) TGCAGAGTTGCTTACCTCGCCTCTGCAC -3′

Exon-specific PCR's, amplified in a single PCR reaction as a set, areused as target in self assembling single base discriminatory microarrayhybridizations using the following procedure: Microarray slides arepre-rinsed with ddiH2O at 40° C. for 15 minutes before assembling intoGrace Bio-Labs (Bend, Oreg.) ProPlate Multi-Array Slide System. Each ofthe 16 wells on a microarray slide/Poroplate superstructure isequilibrated with 75 μl pre-hybridization buffer consisting of 3×SSC(Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and 5×Denhardt's Solution (Amresco, Inc.Solon, Ohio). Target PCR product is combined with other reagents to makea hybridization cocktail consisting of 3×SSC, 5×Denhardt's Solution, and50% exon-specific PCR product. This cocktail is then denatured for 5minutes at 99° C. followed by snap-cooling to −20° C. for 3 minutesimmediately prior to hybridization to a genotyping microarray. DenaturedPCR product is applied to previously equilibrated microarrays and areallowed to hybridize at 25° C. for 16 hours. After hybridization arraysare washed twice with 100 μl per well of 0.2×SSC for 15 minutes eachwash. Array cassettes are disassembled and slides are washed in bulkformat briefly with 0.2×SSC then dried by centrifugation at 60×g in anEppendorf 5810 centrifuge. Fluorescence data is acquired by scanningslides in a Perkin-Elmer Scan-Array Lite laser scanner using Cyannine-3and Cyannine-5 channels set for 60% and 40% PMT gain, respectively.Resulting data files, consisting of a quantitative fluorescencemeasurement for each probe feature on a microarray slide, are analyzedby software developed by Genomics USA in order to generate HLA genotypecalls.

EXAMPLE 3 Lab-on-a-Chip Microarray Platform

The LoC microarray platform (In-Check™) system integrates PCRamplification and microarray detection processes for genetic testing ina single lab-on-a-chip. The system is designed for identification ofcomplex nucleic-acid analytes, such as in HLA-typing, by integrating PCRamplification and hybridization on a single low-density microarray. Thesystem is based on a technology that monolithically integrates a PCRmicro-reactor fluidically connected with a hybridization reactorcomposed of a low-density microarray on a miniaturized siliconlab-on-chip (LoC).

PCR Module

The PCR module (In-Check™) has integrated silicon heaters, temperaturesensor and miniaturized 25 μl volume which allow the PCR module toperform the rapid heating and cooling cycles required for highlyreliable, end-point PCR. The PCR module is thermally driven by thetemperature control system (TCS; In-Check™). The TCS allows fast andprogrammable temperature cycling in a way that allows 5 different LoCtests to be performed in parallel.

Lab-on-Chip

The LoC is a disposable device that is manufactured usingsilicon-semiconductor MEMS technology and is mounted on a 1″×3″ plasticslide that provides the necessary mechanical, thermal & electricconnections. The silicon chip is an electrically active system thatmonolithically integrates a 25 μl PCR reactor with a hybridization areaof 30 μl that hosts a low density microarray of up to 500 spots in 1cm2. Accurate temp control is maintained through 3 resistive heaters andtemp sensors located above the PCR reactor.

Microarray Hybridization and Detection

Up to 500 probe spots can be positioned within the 1 cm×1 cm microarraymodule of the LoC chip. The microarray module is fluidically connectedto the PCR chambers on the LOC (In-Check™) and is coupled to an on-chiptemperature control system, thus allowing full temperature controlduring hybridization and washing. After hybridization, the microarraymodule is read by inserting the entire 1″×3″ LoC into the microarrayoptical reader (OR; In-Check™). Depending on the resolution required,scanning by the OR typically takes less than 60 seconds, followed bydirect data transfer to additional software, such as Ricimer (GenUSA,www.GenomicsUSA.com), for genotyping. Samples are applied directly tothe LoC with ordinary lab tools via the loading station. All processingcan be performed by staff with only routine biochemical training. It isexpected with raw blood as the sample input, as many as 50 HLA-Loc testscould be done per day, per workstation (5 at a time on the PCR module)with essentially only a manual pipetting as the requisite lab equipment.

Microarray Processing

Microarray-based hybridization technology was used for HLA-typing of A,B, and DRB1. HLA-Chips were washed with diH₂O followed by gasketing toisolate each array in the 16 well format (FIG. 10) as one example of amethod of sample containment. A 15 minute equilibration was performedwith 75 μl of pre-hybridization cocktail: 3×GMS Buffer 1 and 5×GMSBuffer 2. The 2° PCR product (37.5 μL of a 50 μL reaction) was mixed ina 1:1 ratio with hybridization master mix with a final concentration of:GMS Buffer 1, 5×GMS Buffer 2. The PCR product-hybridization mixture wasdenatured at 99° C. for 5 minutes and immediately placed in a cool blockat −20° C. for 4 minutes. The hybridization cocktail was applied toHLA-Chips and allowed to hybridize overnight at room temperature in ahumidity chamber. Post-hybridization washes were performed with 0.2×Buffer 1 for a total of nine buffer exchanges and two 15 minute washes.Following gasket disassembly, the HLA-Chips were dipped ten times in a0.2× Buffer 1 bath. A 2 minute centrifugation was performed to removeremaining buffer. Arrays were scanned at 635 nm to detect the Cy-5labelled oligo-T marker and at 532 nm to detect the Cy-3 amplicon. TheCy-5 labelled marker signals were used to assist automated spot findingby imager software. All reagents are available from the GMS Biotech.

EXAMPLE 4 Microarray Design

A microarray technology for high resolution allelotyping of the HLAgenes A, B & DRB1 developed. HLA-Chips all share a number of commondesign principles. Each gene [A,B, or DRB1] is analyzed as a separatemicroarray, comprising a set of 150-350 distinct probes, all fabricatedwith oligo-T tails to facilitate adsorptive association to theunderlying microarray surface, which are optimized to performhybridization analysis at ambient temperature, thereby allowinghybridization on a bench-top or an open robotic stage. Finally, eachmicroarray has been designed so as to analyze SNP variation, in phase,over domains as large as 50 bases, thus providing forexperimentally-determined allelotyping over those extended domains.Table I shows generalized design principles of the HLA-Chip Microarrayprobes.

TABLE 1 HLA-Chip Microarray Probes: Generalized Design Principles ProbeProbe Assembly Hybridization Wash Structure T_(m) Mechanism ConditionsConditions T_(n) − N_(m) − T_(n) 40° C. Physical adsorption to RoomTemperature Room Temperature Length = an amino-silane surface: HumidityChamber Open to Air 30 bases = Thus bypassing chemical Use raw secondary2 × 8 well [m + 2n] modification of the probes amplicon derived fromglass slides m = 10-16 bases 2 × 8 well glass slides 1 ng of purifiedDNA Microscope grade n = [30 − m]/2 Microscope grade No chemicalmodifications

Microarrays of this type have been manufactured by standardpiezoelectric printing at AMI Inc (Chandler Ariz.) on a standard 1″×3″glass slide format (15). They are manufactured as 16 identical arraysper slide in a 2×8 format with each array fluidically isolated, as awell, via removable gaskets. Three such array types are fabricated (onetype per slide) allowing 16 A, B, or DRB1 typing reactions to beperformed per slide, in parallel. Upon completion of the tandem PCRreaction set described in Table 2, each resulting PCR product is diluted1-1 with hybridization buffer, heated briefly to 99° C. to denature thesample, then pipetted directly into a well, followed by overnight roomtemperature hybridization.

TABLE 2 PCR Design Principles for Raw Sample Genotyping on HLA-ChipsReaction Primer Calculated T_(m) Amplicon Annealing Extension PrimaryPCR 20-24 bases 66° C. +/− 2° C. Variable Annealing HLA-A Extension 67°C. 72° C. Annealing HLA-B,-DRB1 35 cycles 69° C. Secondary PCR 20-24bases 66° C. +/− 2° C. 300 bp +/− Annealing 68° C. Extension 5′ dyelabel 50 bp 72° C. 40 cyclesMicroarray Image Processing

For clinical and epidemiological applications of the HLA-Chip, it isnecessary to automatically digitize raw microarray image data, and thento convert those image data into allele-specific probe calls, in accordwith the relationship between probe hybridization and (local) allelestructure that we have described already.

Automated Array Digitization

Numerical analysis of a microarray image is based on “spot finding” andthe integration of hybridization signal intensity, within a spot, oncecircumscribed. Such spot finding and integration is now a routinefunctionality in imager software. Automated image analysis by employingthe use of a Cy5 labeled 25mer Oligo-dT oligonucleotide, which has beendoped at 5% density within each probe element printed onto the array. Byintroducing such a marker and using both standard optical channels ofthe imager (Cy5 for the marker and Cy3 for the hybridization signal) itis possible to localize each probe spot, independently of others: in asense, the number of fiducial markers equals that of the hybridizationsignals, to create redundancy.

Automated Assembly of Allele-specific Probe Hybridization Data into anHLA-allelotype

A “Ricimer”, a software tool to automatically read dot score data andcompile it into an HLA allelotype was developed. After reading in theraw data, the probe map, and all known allele sequences for the relevantgene, the Ricimer software determines allele calls based on the presenceor absence of hybridization signal from the printed probes. This isaccomplished by what is in essence a two-stage process of elimination.The first stage involves examining each probe that is reported to be“off” and comparing the sequence of that probe with the known allelesequences. If an allele's sequence matches the sequence of one or moreof the “off” probes then that allele is eliminated as a candidate, as itcannot be one of the pair of alleles present in the sample.

Once this first stage is complete, the set of candidate alleles has beendramatically reduced. At this point every possible pairing of theremaining alleles is evaluated separately. Each allele pair is comparedto the entire set of “on” probes as reported by the array. If there isany discrepancy between the experimentally measured “on” probe set andthe expected “on” probe set predicted by the allele sequences, thatallele pair is no longer considered a candidate for the solution set.After these two culling steps have been performed, all possible pairingsof alleles that can account for the data have been determined and arereported to the user. Typically a calculated probability value based onthe worldwide population frequency of the alleles present in thepairings is also reported to assist the user in making a decision. Thisvery powerful allele calling statistical functionality became the basisfor the graphical interphase that presents to the user, the certainty ofthe experimental HLA-type and all possible alternative allele calls.

FIG. 11 reveals typical results of the Ricimer allele calling algorithm.In this case the software determined that one of the alleles wasDRB1*04:02 but could not exactly determine what the other allele was soit reported all possible pairs to the user. Since DRB1*04:03 occurs muchmore frequently in the overall worldwide population than the otherpossible alleles, the software assigned it a high likelihood of beingthe correct allele call.

Quantitative Microarray Analysis

As a first measure of HLA-typing from such samples, 37.5 μl of the 50 μl2o PCR reactions (as in FIG. 12) was used without any purification,diluted 1-1 with hybridization buffer, heat denatured, then subjected toovernight hybridization at room temperature on the appropriate A, B orDRB1 microarray.

The resulting microarrays were then imaged with an Axon imager(Molecular Dynamics) and the total integrated Cy-3 hybridization signalintensity for each probe spot was stored as an Excel file. FIGS.13A-13F, 14A-14F and 15A-15F display scatter plots of representativeintegrated spot intensity data for raw samples vs. the correspondingdata derived from matched purified DNA. These correlation diagrams weresubjected to linear regression to yield a slope, intercept, and standardR2 linear correlation coefficient.

In the representative scatter plots in FIGS. 13A-13F, 14A-14F and15A-15F, it can be seen that in the absence of sample or image dataadjustment of any kind, the raw vs. purified samples display a clearlinear correlation with slopes in the 0.76-1.73 range and the squaredcorrelation coefficients R2>0.71, thus indicating that the raw andpurified DNA samples have produced microarray data of similar overallintensity (slope near 1) which are seen to be highly correlated (R2>0.7)to the corresponding purified DNA microarray data. As seen in theTables, the full set of 2 raw samples show, as a class, microarraycorrelations that are similar in a statistical sense to thecorresponding purified DNA data. Greater than 87.5% of all measurementsdisplay raw/purified DNA correlations with R2>0.8 (white blocks inTables).

TABLE 3 PCR Protocols for HLA-Chips: Raw Sample and Purified DNADilution Pri- Dilution Sec- Incuba- Incuba- for mary for ondary Sampletion tion Purification Final Volume and Primary PCR Secondary PCR TypeBuffer Time Temp. Method Buffer PCR Input PCR Input Raw 150 ul of 100 mMBorate + 2.5 hours 70° C. N/A 150 ul of 100 mM N/A 1 ul 1:10 2.5 ulBuccal 1 mM EDTA Borate + 1 mM Swab EDTA Purified 150 ul of 100 mMBorate + 2.5 hours 70° C. Qiagen Kit 100 ul of Distilled N/A 1 ul 1:1002.5 ul DNA 1 mM EDTA (QIAamp DNA Water Buccal Blood Mini Kit SwabCatalog: 51104) Raw Collected in 10 mL Scope, 2.5 hours 70° C. N/A 300ul 100 mM 1:20 1 ul 1:100 2.5 ul Mouthwash washed with 10 mL 20%Borate + 1 mM EtOH, pellet re-suspended EDTA in 300 ul 100 mM Borate + 1mM EDTA Purified Collected in 10 mL Scope,  10 minutes 56° C. Qiagen Kit150 ul of Distilled N/A 1 ul 1:100 2.5 ul DNA washed twice with 10 mL(QIAamp DNA Water Mouthwash 1xPBS, pellet re- Blood Mini Kit suspendedin 180 ul Catalog: 51104) 1xPBS + 200 ul Qiagen Buffer AL + 20 ul QiagenProtease Raw Oragene Oragene Kit OG-510/ N/A N/A N/A Oragene Kit OG-1:50 1 ul 1:100 2.5 ul (OG-510 and ON-500 Buffer 510/ON-500 BufferON-500) PI Raw Oragene Kit OG-510/  3 hours 50° C. N/A Oragene Kit OG-1:50 1 ul 1:100 2.5 ul Oragene ON-500 Buffer (minimum 510/ON-500 Buffer(OG-510 and of 2 hours) ON-500) Purified Oragene Kit OG-510/  3 hours50° C. Oragene Kit OG-510: 100 ul TE N/A 1 ul 1:100 2.5 ul DNA OrageneON-500 Buffer (minimum OG-510/ON-500 Buffer, ON-500: (OG-510 and of 2hours) 50 ul TE Buffer ON-500)

TABLE 4 Raw Buccal Swabs, Scope Mouthwash vs. Matched Purified DNASlopes, R² values, and Microarray Signal Strengths for A, B, and DRB1Raw vs. Purified DNA Raw vs. Purified DNA Buccal Swab MouthwashMicroarray Signal Microarray Signal Strength Strength ID HLA Slope R²Raw Purified Slope R² Raw Purified A1 A 0.86 0.97 93 82 0.65 0.83 107 86B 0.84 0.87 68 66 0.96 0.95 53 70 DRB1 1.00 0.99 94 101 1.04 0.88 130146 A2 A 0.97 0.87 135 135 1.17 0.89 116 147 B 0.91 0.85 83 89 0.87 0.9770 86 DRB1 0.89 0.86 123 122 0.91 0.97 96 94 A3 A 1.15 0.88 100 114 1.130.95 53 61 B 1.02 0.83 131 144 1.21 0.90 66 129 DRB1 0.90 0.87 134 1330.79 0.74 135 134 A4 A 1.64 0.76 27 55 1.25 0.74 23 37 B 0.96 0.84 85 811.37 0.75 43 78 DRB1 0.78 0.81 129 128 0.90 0.91 108 90 A5 A 1.12 0.8591 118 1.06 0.82 103 114 B 1.16 0.91 78 107 1.01 0.92 97 107 DRB1 0.950.88 111 118 1.08 0.92 99 112 A6 A 0.97 0.87 64 75 1.05 0.91 139 154 B1.16 0.88 90 118 1.73 0.94 56 83 DRB1 0.98 0.94 81 84 1.01 0.96 82 89 A7A 1.47 0.97 71 90 1.64 0.71 139 151 B 1.21 0.86 120 134 0.43 0.78 136140 DRB1 1.00 0.76 128 163 0.66 0.73 145 131 A8 A 1.51 0.79 29 63 1.150.95 110 111 B 1.04 0.91 64 66 1.30 0.96 63 74 * DRB1 0.94 0.68 116 1171.15 0.95 85 100 A9 A 1.06 0.88 69 73 1.02 0.81 77 92 B 0.95 0.83 82 791.05 0.88 78 88 DRB1 0.87 0.78 160 164 0.77 0.96 145 129 A10 A 0.91 0.9876 75 0.82 0.88 105 83 B 1.35 0.81 58 89 0.22 0.87 237 70 DRB1 0.82 0.90171 168 0.93 0.89 157 169 * A11 A 2.30 0.56 22 77 0.76 0.90 80 60 B 0.950.95 73 70 0.86 0.95 88 83 DRB1 0.93 0.86 140 139 0.63 0.96 151 79 A12 A1.63 0.90 39 68 0.80 0.75 88 73 B 1.13 0.84 88 119 1.05 0.98 113 119DRB1 1.01 0.85 137 133 0.54 0.82 137 76 Mean 1.09 0.86 93 104 0.97 0.88103 101 STDEV 0.30 0.08 37 32 0.30 0.08 41 31 R² is 0.81-0.99 R² is0.71-0.80 * R² is 0.51-0.70

TABLE 5 Raw Oragene OG-510, ON-500 vs. Matched Purified DNA Slopes, R²values, and Microarray Signal Strengths for A, B, and DRB1 Raw vs.Purified DNA Raw vs. Purified DNA Raw vs. Purified DNA Raw vs. PurifiedDNA Oragene OG-510 Oragene OG-510 PI Oragene ON-500 Oragene ON-500 PIMicroarray Microarray Microarray Microarray Signal Signal Signal SignalStrength Strength Strength Strength Puri- Puri- Puri- Puri- ID HLA SlopeR² Raw fied Slope R² Raw fied Slope R² Raw fied Slope R² Raw fied A1 A1.13 0.95 31 37 0.97 0.95 34 37 1.19 0.83 73 118 1.02 0.93 101 118 B0.98 0.90 65 100 0.88 0.77 60 100 1.25 0.95 59 96 0.76 0.90 78 96 DRB11.10 0.90 107 113 1.01 0.90 114 113 1.22 0.95 102 114 1.25 0.97 96 114A2 A 1.00 0.90 134 172 1.68 0.80 65 172 1.14 0.78 94 166 1.45 0.77 72166 B 1.13 0.97 91 103 1.06 0.98 98 103 1.01 0.92 66 112 0.83 0.95 81112 DRB1 0.90 0.92 88 74 1.24 0.98 64 74 0.99 0.92 86 77 1.26 0.94 64 77A3 A 1.40 0.90 72 119 1.10 0.96 109 119 0.98 0.88 105 105 0.94 0.92 106105 B 0.98 0.97 142 144 0.91 0.97 153 144 1.16 0.79 102 157 0.98 0.86146 157 * DRB1 0.77 0.70 146 138 1.05 0.91 139 138 0.78 0.93 96 68 1.080.93 70 68 A4 A 0.93 0.81 87 95 1.20 0.87 77 95 0.99 0.90 75 76 1.080.86 66 76 B 0.56 0.90 66 94 1.12 0.90 107 94 0.58 0.91 79 101 0.49 0.9282 101 DRB1 0.57 0.98 71 39 0.84 0.98 49 39 0.61 0.97 75 42 0.85 0.97 5542 A5 A 0.75 0.86 129 123 0.98 0.85 114 123 1.03 0.86 86 113 1.03 0.8888 113 B 1.45 0.90 54 99 0.94 0.96 101 99 0.91 0.91 80 93 0.88 0.96 10193 DRB1 1.34 0.96 90 138 1.21 0.93 83 138 1.22 0.94 93 135 1.15 0.90 84135 A6 A 0.89 0.95 141 136 1.07 0.96 123 136 0.76 0.73 134 125 0.82 0.71121 125 B 1.07 0.95 95 108 0.90 0.94 102 108 0.94 0.96 90 102 0.86 0.9398 102 DRB1 1.41 0.96 75 124 1.41 0.94 63 124 1.48 0.97 79 125 1.42 0.9364 125 A7 A 1.02 0.75 87 99 0.92 0.83 96 99 0.89 0.91 63 62 0.92 0.93 6362 B 1.28 0.92 88 121 1.06 0.95 108 121 1.46 0.80 87 148 1.42 0.71 92148 DRB1 1.53 0.94 87 155 1.79 0.93 63 155 1.49 0.93 90 163 1.67 0.89 65163 A8 A 0.86 0.90 69 71 1.00 0.91 70 71 0.85 0.95 75 61 0.93 0.89 72 61B 1.34 0.91 61 84 0.95 0.94 81 84 1.20 0.93 80 92 0.88 0.96 93 92 DRB10.97 0.89 77 96 1.47 0.91 49 96 1.22 0.95 80 119 1.69 0.94 52 119 A9 A0.88 0.93 108 96 0.90 0.95 107 96 0.84 0.92 102 96 0.95 0.93 96 96 B1.01 0.95 156 182 0.98 0.97 168 182 1.10 0.91 73 84 1.00 0.90 79 84 DRB11.33 0.96 132 194 1.25 0.81 111 194 0.95 0.92 132 132 0.88 0.93 141 132A10 A 1.04 0.88 84 92 1.60 0.84 51 92 0.76 0.73 93 94 0.82 0.71 82 94 B1.14 0.92 67 108 1.12 0.94 109 108 0.96 0.96 86 101 1.08 0.96 110 101DRB1 0.76 0.93 115 89 0.82 0.93 107 89 0.90 0.89 158 158 0.93 0.91 157158 A11 A 0.54 0.89 74 41 0.49 0.84 83 41 1.19 0.86 72 89 1.30 0.86 6589 B 1.35 0.86 54 95 1.57 0.95 112 95 0.91 0.95 100 111 1.31 0.94 116111 DRB1 1.34 0.94 84 138 1.77 0.92 62 138 0.92 0.90 139 138 0.86 0.87141 138 A12 A 2.60 0.76 48 145 1.05 0.91 127 145 0.80 0.84 124 117 0.900.84 113 117 B 0.90 0.94 83 87 2.22 0.94 102 87 0.87 0.97 97 103 1.980.95 102 103 DRB1 0.88 0.91 131 118 0.84 0.90 128 118 1.20 0.94 97 1352.20 0.93 52 135 Mean 1.09 0.90 91 110 1.15 0.91 94 110 1.02 0.90 92 1091.11 0.90 91 109 STDEV 0.37 0.06 31 36 0.34 0.05 31 36 0.22 0.06 22 300.35 0.07 27 30 ASHI Nomenclature ANVB 02/61 BMMP 01:01/01:01N BJTR01/42/57 EKN 05/13 FKZ 68:01/68:11N HTH 44:02/44:19N TDS 01/42 XKS03:01/03:01N

TABLE 6 HLA-A Calls: Buccal Swabs, Scope Mouthwash vs. Matched PurifiedDNA Purified DNA LabCorp Raw Purified DNA Raw Purified DNA Buccal SwabBuccal Swab Mouthwash ID HLA Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 A1 A* 11:01:01 68:FKZ11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 A2 A* 01:BMMP 24:02:0101:01 24:02 01:01 24:02 01:01 24:02 01:01 24:02 A3 A* 24:02:01 24:02:0124:17 24:17 24:02 24:02 24:02 24:02 24:02 24:02 A4 A* 02:01:01 31:01:0202:03 31:01 02:01 31:01 02:01 31:01 02:01 31:01 A5 A* 24:02:01 68:0224:02 68:02 24:02 68:02 24:02 68:02 24:02 68:02 A6 A* 01:BMMP 32:0101:01 32:01 01:01 32:01 01:01 32:01 01:01 32:01 A7 A* 24:02:01 31:01:0224:02 31:01 24:02 31:06 24:02 31:01 24:02 31:01 A8 A* 30:01:00 68:FKZ30:18 68:01 30:01 68:01 30:01 68:01 30:01 68:01 A9 A* 01:BMMP 26:01:0101:01 26:01 01:01 26:01 01:01 26:01 01:01 26:01 A10 A* 11:01:01 68:FKZ11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 11:03 68:01 A11 A* 03:XKS 11:01:0103:01 11:02 03:01 11:01 03:01 11:03 03:01 11:03 A12 A* 01:BMMP 24:02:0101:01 24:03 01:01 24:03 01:01 24:03 01:01 24:03

TABLE 7 HLA-A Calls: Oragene OG-510, ON-500 Raw vs. Matched Purified DNAPurified DNA Raw PI Raw Purified DNA Raw PI Raw Purified DNA LabCorpOragene OG-510 Oragene ON-500 Buccal Swab Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Al-Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- ID HLA Allele 1 Allele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 A1 A* 11:01:0168:FKZ 11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 11:01 68:10 11:17 68:10 11:0168:01 A2 A* 01:BMMP 24:02:01 01:01 24:03 01:01 24:02 01:01 24:02 01:0124:03 01:01 24:02 01:01 24:03 A3 A* 24:02:01 24:02:01 24:03 24:04 24:0324:04 24:03 24:04 24:02 24:02 24:02 24:02 24:02 24:02 A4 A* 02:01:0131:01:02 02:01 31:01 02:01 31:01 02:01 31:01 02:01 31:01 02:01 31:0102:01 31:01 A5 A* 24:02:01 68:02 24:02 68:02 24:02 68:02 24:02 68:0224:02 68:02 24:02 68:02 24:02 68:02 A6 A* 01:BMMP 32:01 01:01 32:0701:01 32:07 01:01 32:01 01:01 32:01 01:01 32:07 01:01 32:07 A7 A*24:02:01 31:01:02 24:02 31:03 24:94 31:24 24:02 31:19 24:99 31:01 24:9931:01 24:02 31:19 A8 A* 30:01:00 68:FKZ 30:01 68:01 30:01 68:01 30:0168:01 30:01 68:01 30:01 68:01 30:01 68:01 A9 A* 01:BMMP 26:01:01 01:0126:01 01:01 26:01 01:01 26:01 01:01 26:01 01:01 26:01 01:01 26:01 A10 A*11:01:01 68:FKZ 11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 11:01 68:01 11:03 68:01 11:0168:01 11:01 68:01 A11 A* 03:XKS 11:01:01 03:01 11:03 03:08 11:03 03:0111:03 03:01 11:01 03:01 11:01 03:01 11:01 A12 A* 01:BMMP 24:02:01 01:0124:02 01:01 24:20 01:01 24:02 01:01 24:20 01:01 24:20 01:01 24:20

TABLE 8 HLA-B Calls: Buccal Swabs, Scope Mouthwash vs. Matched PurifiedDNA Purified DNA LabCorp Raw Purified DNA Raw Purified DNA Buccal SwabBuccal Swab Mouthwash ID HLA Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 A1 B* 44:HTH 57:01:0144:02 57:01 44:02 57:01 44:02 57:01 44:02 57:01 A2 B* 07:ANVB 08:01:0107:02 08:01 07:04 08:20 07:02 08:01 07:02 08:01 A3 B* 40:01 51:01:0140:01 51:01 40:01 51:01 40:01 51:01 40:01 51:01 A4 B* 35:TDS 44:HTH35:01 44:02 35:39 44:48 35:01 44:02 35:01 44:02 A5 B* 14:02 39:06:0214:02 39:06 14:02 39:06 14:02 39:06 14:02 39:06 A6 B* 08:01:01 35:08:0108:07 35:83 08:01 35:08 08:01 35:08 08:27 35:08 A7 B* 35:03 51:01:0135:03 51:01 35:03 51:01 35:03 51:01 35:03 51:01 A8 B* 40:02:01 57:01:0140:02 57:01 40:02 57:01 40:02 57:01 40:02 57:01 A9 B* 15:17 27:EKN 15:1727:05 15:17 27:05 15:17 27:05 15:17 27:05 A10 B* 27:EKN 35:BJTR 27:0535:01 27:05 35:01 27:05 35:01 27:05 35:01 A11 B* 07:ANVB 44:HTH 07:0244:02 07:02 44:02 07:02 44:02 07:02 44:02 A12 B* 07:ANVB 57:01:01 07:0257:01 07:02 57:01 07:02 57:01 07:02 57:01

TABLE 9 HLA-B Calls: Oragene OG-510, ON-500 Raw vs. Matched Purified DNAPurified DNA Raw PI Raw Purified DNA Raw PI Raw Purified DNA LabCorpOragene OG-510 Oragene ON-500 Buccal Swab Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Al-Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- ID HLA Allele 1 Allele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 A1 B* 44:HTH57:01:01 44:02 57:01 44:02 57:01 44:02 57:01 44:02 57:01 44:02 57:0144:02 57:01 A2 B* 07:ANVB 08:01:01 07:02 08:01 07:02 08:01 07:02 08:0107:02 08:01 07:02 08:01 07:04 08:20 A3 B* 40:01 51:01:01 40:01 51:0140:01 51:01 40:01 51:01 40:01 51:01 40:01 51:01 40:01 51:01 A4 B* 35:TDS44:HTH 35:25 44:02 35:01 44:02 35:01 44:02 35:01 44:02 35:01 44:02 35:0144:02 A5 B* 14:02 39:06:02 14:02 39:06 14:02 39:06 14:02 39:06 14:0239:06 14:02 39:06 14:02 39:06 A6 B* 08:01:01 35:08:01 08:01 35:08 08:0135:08 08:01 35:08 08:01 35:08 08:01 35:08 08:01 35:08 A7 B* 35:0351:01:01 35:03 51:01 35:03 51:01 35:03 51:01 35:03 51:01 35:03 51:0135:03 51:01 A8 B* 40:02:01 57:01:01 40:02 57:01 40:02 57:01 40:02 57:0140:02 57:01 40:02 57:01 40:02 57:01 A9 B* 15:17 27:EKN 15:17 27:05 15:1727:05 15:17 27:05 15:17 27:05 15:17 27:05 15:17 27:05 A10 B* 27:EKN35:BJTR 27:05 35:01 27:05 35:01 27:05 35:01 27:05 35:01 27:05 35:0127:05 35:01 A11 B* 07:ANVB 44:HTH 07:02 44:02 07:02 44:02 07:02 44:0207:02 44:53 07:02 44:02 07:02 44:53 A12 B* 07:ANVB 57:01:01 07:02 57:1307:02 57:01 07:02 57:02 07:02 57:01 07:02 57:01 07:02 57:01

TABLE 10 HLA-DRB1 Calls: Buccal Swabs, Scope Mouthwash vs. MatchedPurified DNA Purified DNA LabCorp Raw Purified DNA Raw Purified DNABuccal Swab Buccal Swab Mouthwash ID HLA Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 A1 DRB1*04:01 07:01 04:01 07:01 04:01 07:01 04:01 07:01 04:01 07:01 A2 DRB1*03:01 15:01 03:01 15:01 03:07 15:01 03:01 15:01 03:01 15:01 A3 DRB1*08:32 15:01 08:32 15:01 08:32 15:01 08:32 15:01 08:32 15:01 A4 DRB1*04:03 09:01 04:03 09:01 04:58 09:01 04:03 09:01 04:03 09:01 AS DRB1*08:02 13:03 08:02 13:03 08:02 13:03 08:02 13:03 08:02 13:03 A6 DRB1*03:01 11:03 03:01 11:03 03:01 11:03 03:01 11:03 03:07 11:03 A7 DRB1*04:07 13:01 04:07 13:01 04:07 13:01 04:07 13:01 04:07 13:01 A8 DRB1*04:07 15:02 04:07 15:02 04:07 15:27 04:07 15:02 04:07 15:02 A9 DRB1*01:01 13:02 01:01 13:02 01:01 13:02 01:01 13:02 01:01 13:02 A10 DRB1*01:01 13:01 01:01 13:01 01:01 13:01 01:01 13:01 01:01 13:01 A11 DRB1*04:01 15:01 04:01 15:01 04:01 15:01 04:01 15:01 04:01 15:01 A12 DRB1*07:01 08:01 07:01 08:01 07:01 08:01 07:01 08:01 07:01 08:01

TABLE 11 HLA-DRB1 Calls: Oragene OG-510, ON-500 Raw vs. Matched PurifiedDNA Purified DNA Raw PI Raw Purified DNA Raw PI Raw Purified DNA LabCorpOragene OG-510 Oragene ON-500 Buccal Swab Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Al-Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- ID HLA Allele 1 Allele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 A1 DRB1* 04:0107:01 04:01 07:01 04:01 07:01 04:01 07:01 04:01 07:01 04:01 07:01 04:0107:01 A2 DRB1* 03:01 15:01 03:01 15:01 03:07 15:01 03:01 15:01 03:0115:01 03:01 15:01 03:07 15:01 A3 DRB1* 08:32 15:01 08:32 15:01 08:3215:01 08:32 15:01 08:32 15:07 08:32 15:01 08:32 15:01 A4 DRB1* 04:0309:01 04:03 09:01 04:03 09:01 04:03 09:01 04:03 09:01 04:03 09:01 04:0309:01 A5 DRB1* 08:02 13:03 08:02 13:03 08:02 13:03 08:02 13:03 08:0213:03 08:02 13:03 08:02 13:03 A6 DRB1* 03:01 11:03 03:01 11:03 03:0711:03 03:01 11:03 03:01 11:03 03:01 11:03 03:07 11:03 A7 DRB1* 04:0713:01 04:07 13:01 04:07 13:01 04:07 13:01 04:39 13:02 04:07 13:01 04:0713:01 A8 DRB1* 04:07 15:02 04:07 15:02 04:07 15:02 04:07 15:27 04:0715:02 04:07 15:02 04:07 15:27 A9 DRB1* 01:01 13:02 01:01 13:02 01:0113:02 01:01 13:02 01:01 13:02 01:01 13:02 01:01 13:02 A10 DRB1* 01:0113:01 01:01 13:01 01:01 13:01 01:01 13:01 01:01 13:01 01:01 13:01 01:0113:01 A11 DRB1* 04:01 15:01 04:01 15:01 04:01 15:01 04:01 15:01 04:0115:01 04:01 15:01 04:01 15:01 A12 DRB1* 07:01 08:01 07:01 08:01 07:0108:01 07:01 08:01 07:01 08:01 07:01 08:01 07:01 08:01

TABLE 12 Agreement Between HLA-Chip and LabCorp: Raw Buccal Swabs, ScopeMouthwash vs. Matched Purified DNA Raw Purified DNA Raw Purified DNAPercentage of Samples Buccal Swab Mouthwash Gene having: Allele 1 Allele2 Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 Allele 1 Allele 2 HLA-A HighResolution Match 75 75 100 83.3 100 83.3 91.7 83.3 Low Resolution Match25 25 0 16.7 0 16.7 8.3 16.7 HLA-B High Resolution Match 91.7 91.7 83.383.3 100 100 91.7 100 Low Resolution Match 8.3 8.3 16.7 16.7 0 0 8.3 0HLA-DRB1 High Resolution Match 100 100 83.3 91.7 100 100 91.7 100 LowResolution Match 0 0 16.7 8.3 0 0 8.3 0

TABLE 13 Agreement Between HLA-Chip and LabCorp: Raw Oragene vs. MatchedPurified DNA Raw PI Raw Purified DNA Raw PI Raw Purified DNA OrageneOG-510 Oragene ON-500 Percentage of Samples Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Al-Al- Al- Al- Al- Al- Gene having: lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 lele 1 lele 2 HLA-A High Resolution Match91.7 58.3 75 58.3 91.7 75 83.3 75 83.3 75 100 66.7 Low Resolution Match8.3 41.7 25 41.7 8.3 25 16.7 25 16.7 25 0 33.3 HLA-B High ResolutionMatch 91.7 91.7 100 100 100 91.7 100 91.7 100 100 91.7 83.3 LowResolution Match 8.3 8.3 0 0 0 8.3 0 8.3 0 0 8.3 16.7 HLA-DRB1 HighResolution Match 100 100 83.3 100 100 91.7 91.7 83.3 100 100 83.3 91.7Low Resolution Match 0 0 16.7 0 0 8.3 8.3 16.7 0 0 16.7 8.3

Also included in these Tables, for each sample type and HLA-Typingreaction is a parameter called “Microarray Signal Strength” whichcorresponds to the total fluorescence intensity, summed over all probehybridization reactions within a microarray. Such total signal intensityis a function of the amount of Cy-3 labeled target applied to themicroarrays, and serves as a test for the uniformity of sample yield ofthe secondary PCR reaction used to generate the hybridization target.

As was done in FIGS. 13A-13F, 14A-14F and 15A-15F, the data in Tableswas obtained via linear regression analysis, for the entire set of 12volunteers, all 10 sample types and for the 3 HLA microarray tests, fora total of 360 independent microarray determinations. Values have beencolor-coded based on the measured correlation (R2) between data obtainedfrom raw samples and purified DNA. The slope assocated with the pairwisecorrelation (purified vs. raw) and the measured Microarray SignalStrength have also been listed for each purified/raw sample pair. Asdiscussed above, the Microarray Signal Strength for each set ofmeasurements is a parameter that is proportional to the amount of sampleadded to the array for hybridization analysis.

If the tandem PCR-based raw sample genotyping technology described herewere to work perfectly, the microarray data for all 12 volunteers, 10sample types and each of the 3 gene tests should be identical: i.e.Slope=1, R2=1, Microarray Signal Strength=Constant. To assess measureddeviations from such ideal values, we have calculated the mean andstandard deviation of those parameters, for each of the columns inTables 4-5 presented as the bottom two rows. Mean Slopes are seen to bein the 0.97-1.15 range, mean R2 in the 0.86-0.91 range and meanmicroarray Signal Strength in the 91-110 range. Given the relativelysmall sample size, the observed agreement with ideal hybridizationbehavior and the relatively small variance about the mean (SD=10%-40%)for these microarray parameters suggests that the present tandem PCRapproach to raw sample genotyping has done an adequate job of obviatingthe effect of sample impurity and uncontrolled variation in DNAconcentration within this set of 12×10×3=360 measurements.

The generally-good similarity seen for raw vs. purified microarrayhybridization data (FIGS. 13-15, Tables 4-5) suggests that HLA-Typesobtained from these raw samples might be similar to HLA-Types obtainedfrom the corresponding matched purified DNA. Such HLA-types have beendetermined from these microarray hybridization data using Ricimersoftware and have been displayed in Tables 6-11, which present a summaryof such microarray-based A, B & DRB1 HLA-typing for all 12 volunteersand 10 sample types. For all twelve volunteers, HLA-Typing has also beendetermined from matched purified DNA at an ASHI-certified nationalreference laboratory (Lab Corp, Raleigh N.C.).

In Tables 6-11, perfect HLA-Typing matches at 4-digit accuracy relativeto the LabCorp standard data are marked in green; matches at lower(2-digit, serological) accuracy are marked in blue. Overall, microarrayHLA analysis of all raw and the corresponding matched purified DNAsamples show generally-good agreement with standardized genotyping bysequencing performed independently on purified DNA from the same twelvevolunteers (Lab Corp). The correlation is summarized in Tables 12-13.

EXAMPLE 5 PCR Reactions for HLA-typinq from Raw Blood in the Fluid Stateand from Raw Blood that was Allow to Dry on Guthrie Cards

Raw anonymized raw blood was obtained from Memorial Blood Labs,Minneapolis Minn. and was stored frozen at −20° C. until needed. Thawedraw blood was used directly as the template for the primary,locus-specific HLA PCR reactions required for HLA-Chip analysis. Thecorresponding dried blood samples were prepared by pipetting fresh,never frozen, blood onto standard Whatman-GE Guthrie cards, followed by72 hrs of drying at 25° C. in a laminar flow hood, then storage in asealed pouch, at 25° C., thereafter. For dried blood on Guthrie cards, a2 mm circular punch was excised from the blood card, to which was added100 μl of 100 mM Boric acid and 1 mM EDTA at pH 7.5. The punch was thenheated for 2 hrs 70° C. to rehydrate the blood spot, and to elute thecontents of blood spot into solution. The resulting fluid phase was thenmixed by pipetting. The rehydrated punches were then stored at −20° C.until analysis.

For both raw and rehydrated dried blood, 1 μl of sample was used withoutsubsequent purification as the template for PCR. A first PCRamplification was performed via the Finnzymes PHUSION® Blood Direct kit.1 μl of that primary, locus specific PCR product was then applieddirectly as template for the secondary, self limiting, exon-specific PCRreactions. One microliter of each of the resulting 2° PCR reactionproduct was then loaded onto a standard acrylamide gel. HLA-A exons 2and 3 and HLA-DRB1 exon 2 (FIG. 5A) and HLA-B exons 2 and 3 (FIG. 5B-5C)were visualized by Amresco EZ-Vision DNA Dye. Positive controls on thegel refer to the product of the same tandem HLA PCR reactions, butinstead using 10 ng of highly-purified Roche DNA as the original sampleinput. As seen, the amount of final 2° amplicon obtained from 1 μl ofraw blood, is nearly independent of the sample used in the reaction, andsimilar in specificity & mass yield, to the amplified HLA productobtained from 10 ng of purified Roche DNA.

EXAMPLE 6

Detailed PCR Reaction Protocols

The tandem PCR reaction described above was performed on raw samples orpurified DNA to yield A, B, and DRB1 amplicons. The 1° PCR reactionemployed an input volume of 1 μl, throughout: undiluted purified DNA(@10 ng), undiluted raw buccal swab fluid, a 1:20 dilution of theresuspended Scope mouthwash pellet, or a 1:50 dilution of rawORAGENE™-stabilized saliva (both kits). A 1:50 dilution was required toobtain an HLA-A genotype for sample A3. The total 1° PCR reaction volumewas held at 25 μL: 1 μl of raw or purified sample plus 2.5 μl (1×) Roche10×PCR Buffer, 1.5 μl (1.5 mM) 25 mM MgCl₂, 0.8 μl (0.16 mg/mL) 5 mg/mLBSA, 2 μl (0.4 μM) 5 μM primary primer set, 0.5 μl (200 μM) 10 mM dNTPs,0.2 μl (1U) 5U/μl Roche FastStart Taq DNA Polymerase. 1° PCR cyclingconditions were 94° C. for 4 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of [98° C.for 1 minute, 67° C. (HLA-A) 69° C. (HLA-B, -DRB1) for 1 minute and 72°C. for 1 minute] with a final 72° C. extension for 7 minutes.

Throughout, the 2° PCR reaction used 2.5 μl of the unprocessed 1° PCRreaction product as its sample input:diluted 1:100 for all samples,except for raw buccal swab eluate, which was diluted 1:10. The 2° PCRMaster Mix was 50 μl of 5 μl (1×) Applied Biosytems GeneAmp 10×PCR GoldBuffer II, 6 μl (3.0 mM) 25 mM MgCl₂, 1.6 μl (0.16 mg/mL) 5 mg/mL BSA, 4μl (0.4 μM) 5 μM secondary primer set, 1 μl (200 μM) 10 mM dNTPs, 0.8 μl(4U) 5U/μl AMPLITAQ GOLD® DNA Polymerase, and 2.5 μl of diluted primaryPCR product. Secondary PCR was performed at 94° C. for 2 minutes,followed by 40 cycles at [98° C. for 30 seconds, 68° C. for 30 secondsand 72° C. for 30 seconds] with a final extension at 72° C. for 7minutes.

EXAMPLE 7

PCR Reactions for HLA-Typing from Rehydrated Buccal Swabs

De-identified buccal swabs were procured from local donors. Four swabswere collected from each participant by vigorously swabbing up and downtwenty times per each quadrant of the mouth and placed into 15 mLconical tubes. Whole mouth swabs were taken from 12 individuals: A1-A12.Samples were dried for 72 hours under laminar flow hood. Dried swabswere then rehydrated in 150 μl of rehydration buffer (100 mM Borate+1 mMEDTA) and solubilized at 70° C. for 2× hours. The resulting fluid phasewas then mixed by pipetting. The rehydrated swabs were then stored at−20° C. until analysis. A nested (tandem) PCR reaction was thenperformed for each of the HLA loci of interest. 1 μl of raw swab eluatewas used for a primary 25 μL PCR reaction employing Roche Taqpolymerase'. The subsequent (secondary) PCR was then performed upon 2.5μL of the primary amplicon product in a total PCR reaction volume of 25μL, also employing Roche Taq polymerase. Upon completion, the residualsample (up to half the recovered volume) was extracted via QIAamp DNABlood Mini Kit (Qiagen catalog #51104). The resulting purified DNA wasrun on the same microarray HLA-typing platform. Unpurified and purifiedbuccal DNA were analyzed via microarray technology for HLA typing. Thematched, de-identified DNA from buccal swabs was compared to HLA typesobtained on the raw, unpurified samples via gel electrophoresis. Onemicroliter of each of the resulting 2° PCR reaction product was thenloaded onto a standard acrylamide gel.

Primary locus specific PCR products as well as the products of thesecondary exon specific reaction set (performed as a single multiplexreaction) were displayed in FIG. 6A (left) along with identical reactionproducts obtained from 10 ng of purified DNA obtained from the sample(right). Bands were visualized by Amresco EZ-Vision DNA Dye. As seen,the amount of final 2° amplicon obtained from 1 μL of raw swab eluate,is similar in specificity & mass yield, to the amplified HLA productobtained from 10 ng of purified DNA from the same sample. FIGS. 6B-6Gdisplay the product of the tandem PCR reactions performed on raw cheekswabs from a total of 12 donors. FIGS. 6B-6D display the primary PCRreactions specific for HLA-A, HLA-B & HLA-DRB1 for these 12 raw buccalswab samples, while FIGS. 6E-6G display the secondary PCR reactionsspecific for HLA-A, HLA-B & HLA-DRB1 for the sample 12 raw buccal swabsamples. As can be seen, although the yield of primary PCR product ishighly variable among the set of 12 raw, re-hydrated buccal swabssamples (FIGS. 6B-6D) the subsequent secondary PCR reaction hasgenerated a series of amplified exons which are nearly identical inyield and specificity, among the set of 12 raw buccal swab specimens(FIGS. 6E-6G).

EXAMPLE 8

Multiplex PCR from Purified DNA, for Several Genes in Parallel

HLA locus-specific amplicons for HLA-A plus HLA-DRB1, and HLA-B andHLA-DRB1 are generated from 1 μl whole fluid blood (FIG. 7A-7B, 7G-7H)via the PCR reaction using FastStart Taq DNA Polymerase under thefollowing conditions: 1×PCR Buffer (without Mg⁺⁺), 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.16mg/ml BSA (fraction V), 0.05 μM each dNTP, 400 nM of each locus-specificprimer for each of the genes being amplified in parallel, and 1 unit ofTaq in a total reaction volume of 25 μl. These reactions are cycledusing the following protocol: initial denaturing at 98° C. for 5 minutesfollowed by 35 cycles of i) denature at 98° C. for 5 sec, ii) anneal at70° C. for 1 minute, and iii) extend at 72° C. for 30 sec, then a final72° C. extension for 7 minutes.

The product from the locus-specific reactions of HLA-A and DRB1performed in parallel and HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 also performed in parallel(FIGS. 7B, 7H), diluted 1:100 in molecular biology grade water, are usedas a template for subsequent exon-specific “nested” PCR reactions (FIGS.7C-7E, 7I-7K). As shown on the diagrams of FIGS. 7A and 7G the dilutionof the locus-specific PCR were used as template for an exon-specific PCRreaction where either only HLA-A, HLA-DRB1 or HLA-B exons wereamplified. A second reaction can be performed were the exons 2 and 3 forHLA-A or HLA-B can be simultaneously amplified with exon 2 fromHLA-DRB1. The above mentioned PCR reactions are performed using AppliedBiosystems' (Foster City, Calif.) AMPLITAQ GOLD@ DNA Polymerase in a 100μl reaction volume with the following components: 5 μl of 1:100 dilutedlocus specific PCR product, 1×PCR Buffer II, 1.5 mM MgCL₂, 0.16 mg/mlBSA (fraction V), 0.2 mM each dNTP, 400 nM each primer of interest, and4 units of AMPLITAQ GOLD@ DNA Polymerase. Cycling conditions are:initial denaturation at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of(i) denaturing at 98° C. for 30 seconds, (ii) annealing at 68° C. for 30seconds, and (iii) extension at 72° C. for 30 seconds, then a finalextension step of 72° C. for 7 minutes. Exon-specific PCR primers arelabeled with Cyannine 3 dye to facilitate detection of positivehybridization events by laser excitation/emission in a microarrayscanner such as a ProScan Array HT (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, Mass.).Hybridization of the genes amplified in parallel are performed where theproducts of the secondary amplification of exons 2 and 3 of HLA-A andHLA-B, and exon 2 of HLA-DRB1 can be hybridized to the correspondingHLA-Chips obtaining successful matching genotypes in preliminary datacollection (FIG. 7F) In addition, the product of the secondary PCR ofgenes amplified in parallel such as HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 can be hybridizedto either an HLA-A chip or an HLA-DRB1 chip, the same applies for thesecondary PCR product of HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 multiplex (FIG. 7L).

EXAMPLE 9

Multiplex PCR of DNA from Raw Unpurified Fecal Matter for Several Genesin Parallel

Analysis of the DNA complement of feces has become very important forthe clinical and research analysis of microbial diversity in feces, andthe relationship between that diversity and human or animal diseases. Itis well known that, among prokaryotic microbes, individual microbes canbe identified based on variation in the sequence of their 16S gene andthe 16S rRNA expressed from it. It is also well known that 16S DNA canbe amplified using “universal” PCR primer sets which, when used as aset, will amplify all members of the prokaryotic 16S RNA gene family, sothat the amplified DNA can be analyzed by sequence analysis onmicroarrays or by chemical or biochemical sequencing methods. Althoughsuch 16S DNA sequence analysis can be performed by all such methods toyield an estimate of the type of prokaryotic microbe in a specimen, thatkind of analysis in feces has proven difficult to implement in largeclinical or field studies, due to the cost and health risks associatedwith DNA purification from fecal matter.

It is well known that the microbial content of ordinary human stoolcomprises 10⁺¹⁰ up to 10⁺¹¹ microbes per CC, which is nearly 1% by mass.Based on that very high cell density, the density of 16S gene DNA inthose same samples will therefore also exceed 10⁺¹⁰ up to 10⁺¹¹ 16S genesegments per CC, or about 10⁺⁷ copies per μl. The tandem PCR reactionsof the kind described in Examples 1-9 function well on about 10 ng humanDNA (about 2,000 copies) per μl. Thus, at ordinary microbial density infeces, 16S DNA is presented at a copy number density that is at least1,000 times greater than displayed in Examples 1-9 for raw blood orbuccal swabs. Based on that very high copy number, it is thereforepossible to use the technology described herein to perform 16S DNA basedmicrobial diversity analysis upon unpurified fecal matter:

Step 1. Obtain about 10 μl (about 10 mm³) of feces by contact transferwith a stick or tip.

Step 2. Dissolve the feces in about 100 μl of water.

Step 3. Take about 1 μl of diluted feces suspension and perform aprimary 16S PCR reaction with a universal 16s PCR primer set.

Step 4. Take 1 μl of the primary PCR amplicon product set from PCRreaction #1, dilute it ten fold, then apply 1-2 μl of that dilutedprimary amplicon mix as template for a second PCR reaction which can beinitiated with the same universal 16S DNA primer set used in the firstPCR reaction, or a primer set which targets a subset of the 16S PCR geneamplified in the primary reaction.

Step 5. The secondary PCR reaction is diluted in hybridization bufferand analysed via hybridization to a microarray which contains probeswhich are specific to variations of the 16S gene sequence that are knowto distinguish one prokaryotes in a mixture of prokaryotes: the resultbeing 16S DNA based analysis of a set of prokaryotic organisms in a waythat bypasses DNA purification prior to analysis.

EXAMPLE 10

Electrophoresis

Mouthwash, Dacron Cheek Swabs and saliva via two different ORAGENE™collection products (ON-500, OG-510) from a cohort of twelve volunteerswere collected. An independent reference HLA-Type was obtained for allvolunteers via analysis of purified DNA at LabCorp (Raleigh N.C.) anASHI-certified HLA-Typing laboratory and each was processed asdescribed, subjected to the respective A, B or DRB1 specific tandem PCRreaction. 5 uL of the resulting secondary PCR product was then applieddirectly to gels for semi-quantitative analysis by gel electrophoresis.

Representative electrophoresis data of that kind are displayed in FIG.12, for samples A2 & A9. As seen in FIG. 12, the un-adjusted secondaryPCR reaction product for all three HLA genes [A,B & DRB1] and for all 10sample types [raw and purified] converge to a relatively constant massyield of amplicon, as would be expected for the primer limited 2° PCRreaction.

EXAMPLE 11

Sample Collection & Processing

Buccal swabs, mouthwash, and ORAGENE™ ON-500 and OG-510 collections weretaken from twelve individuals who refrained from eating or drinking twohours prior to collection. Participants swabbed the inside of theircheeks vigorously up and down twenty times with a Dacron swab. Swabswere placed into 15 mL conical tubes without treatment and looselycapped for drying under a laminar flow hood for 72 hours. Swabs wererehydrated in 150 μl of 100 mM Borate+1 mM EDTA and heated at 70° C. for2.5 hours.

Raw buccal swab eluate was recovered by pipetting directly into the swaband used without additional treatment for PCR and microarray analysis.When used for comparison, DNA was purified from such swabs via Qiagen'sQIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Catalog Number 51104) followingmanufacturer's protocol. A second swab was collected from eachindividual and shipped to LabCorp (Raleigh N.C.) where DNA was extractedand used for high resolution HLA genotyping via SSOP and supplementarySSP and SBT. LabCorp required that a second set of swabs be collectedfor six of the twelve samples, due to errors obtained in the first setof HLA-calls obtained via Lab Corp SSOP—SSP-SBT suite of tests.

Mouthwash was collected when participants vigorously swished 10 mL ofScope mouthwash (Original Mint, 15% alcohol) for 45 seconds andexpectorated into 50 mL conical tubes. Collections were centrifuged at6000×g for 5 minutes. The pellet was retained and washed in 10 mL of 20%ethanol. Centrifugation was repeated and the retained pellet wasreconstituted in 300 μl of 100 mM Borate+1 mM EDTA and heated at 70° C.for 2.5 hours. A second 10 mL mouthwash collection was performed andpurified via a Qiagen kit as described above. These collections werecentrifuged at 6000×g for 5 minutes. Two 10 mL washes were performedwith 1×PBS before resuspension of the pellet as directed by the Qiagenprotocol.

Saliva was collected using ORAGENE™ kits ON-500 and OG-510, as directedby the manufacturer (DNA Genotek). After collection, each ORAGENE™collection tube was divided into three aliquots: two used in the rawform and one processed to obtain purified DNA. The first raw aliquot wasused as-is. The second raw aliquot was allowed to incubate for 3 hoursat 50° C. to yield “raw post incubation (PI) eluate”. The third aliquotwas processed to yield DNA as per manufacturer's instructions.

EXAMPLE 12

Sample Quality Control

Purified DNA was quantified via Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Kit(Invitrogen), as per manufacturer instruction. Gel electrophoresis wasused to confirm amplification for the primary and secondary PCRreactions for raw and purified specimens. The 1° PCR product wasvisualized by combining with EZ vision loading dye (Amresco) on a 2.0%Agarose gel on a standard UV transilluminator. The 2° PCR product wasanalyzed via the FlashGel DNA System (Lonza) on a 1.2% pre-cast gel.

The following references were cited herein:

-   1. Charron D. Vox Sang 2011, 100(1):163-166. doi:    10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01438.x.-   2. Eng H. S., Leffell M. S. J Immunol Methods 2011, 369(1-2):1-21.-   3. Fry T. J. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010, 55(6):1043-1044.-   4. Kostenko L. et. al Tissue Antigens 2011 Apr. 19 e-pub-   5. Agundez A. J. et. al. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2011    Apr. 8. e-pub-   6. International MHC and Autoimunnity Genetics Network. Proc. Nat.    Acad. Sci. USA 2009 106(44):18680-18685. Epub 2009 Oct. 21.-   7. Catassi C., Fasano A. Am. J. Med. 2011, 123:691-693.-   8. Van Belle T. L. et al. Physiol. Rev. 2011, 1: 79-118-   9. Poland G. A. OMICs 2011, Jul. 6. e-pub-   10. Sheldon S., Poulton K. Methods Mol Biol, 2006, 333:157-174.-   11. Dunbar S. A. Clin Chim Acta 2006, 363(1-2): 71-82. Epub 2005    Aug. 15.-   12. Horton R. et al. Immunogenetics. 2008, 60(1): 1-18. Epub 2008    Jan. 10.-   13. Bentley G. et al. Tissue Antigens 2009, 74(5): 393-403.-   14. Hogan M. E. et al. U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,710. Issued Apr. 28,    2008.-   15. Hogan M. E. et al. U.S. Pat. No. 7,667,026. Issued Feb. 23,    2010.-   16. Shi L. et. al. Nature Biotechnology 2006, 24, 1151-1161.-   17. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gv/mhc/ihwg.cgi.

Any patents or publications mentioned in this specification areindicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which theinvention pertains. Further, these patents and publications areincorporated by reference herein to the same extent as if eachindividual publication was specifically and individually incorporated byreference.

One skilled in the art will appreciate readily that the presentinvention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the endsand advantages mentioned, as well as those objects, ends and advantagesinherent herein. The present examples, along with the methods,procedures and systems described herein are presently representative ofpreferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended aslimitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and otheruses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed withinthe spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for amplifying a DNA of interest,comprising: contacting fluidically isolated rings on a Guthrie card withsamples of raw umbilical cord blood; rehydrating the raw umbilical cordblood in each ring prior to a first PCR performed on each rehydrated rawsample; performing the first PCR on said rehydrated raw samples withoutpurifying DNA contained therein to produce first amplicons; diluting thefirst amplicons; and performing a second PCR thereon until all primersused in the second PCR reaction are consumed to produce secondamplicons, thereby amplifying the DNA from the raw umbilical cord bloodsamples to final amplified DNA product concentrations that are limitedby the primer concentration in the second PCR reactions, said second PCRreactions independent of the amount or purity of the DNA comprising theoriginal raw umbilical cord blood, wherein the primers for the secondPCR reaction are a set of multiple exon-specific primers with sequencesshown SEQ ID NOS: 15-27 and target DNA sequences contained within theamplified product of the first PCR reaction.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein said rehydrated raw umbilical cord samples comprise a set ofgene targets, said method comprising: performing the first PCR inparallel to produce a first set of amplicons; diluting the first set ofamplicons; and performing a second PCR thereon, using the entire set ofprimary amplicon products as a set of templates for the second PCRreaction until all secondary PCR primers are consumed to produce asecond amplicon set, thereby amplifying the DNA.
 3. The method of claim2, wherein less than 5 gene targets, less than 10 gene targets or lessthan 20 gene targets are amplified in parallel.
 4. The method of claim2, wherein the gene targets are HLA-DRB 1, DQ-A1 and DQB1, are DQ-A1 andDQ-B1 or are HLA-B and KIR.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the genetargets are two hypervariable regions near the mitochondrial origin ofreplication and one or more additional mitochondrial genes.
 6. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the gene targets are segments ofmicrobe-specific microbial 16S DNA genes, said method detecting microbesin the raw samples.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprisinglabeling the second PCR primers with one or more fluorophores.
 8. Themethod of claim 7, wherein the fluorophor is a cyanine dye.
 9. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the DNA comprises one or more genes ofinterest, further comprising: hybridizing the second amplicon to probeshaving sequences of allele variations associated with the gene ofinterest; detecting a fluorescence pattern from the hybridized amplicon;and assigning an allelotype based on the fluorescence pattern.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the gene(s) of interest are an HLA-A gene, anHLA-B gene, an HLA-DRB1 gene, an HLA-DQA1 gene, or an HLA-DQB 1 gene.11. The method of claim 9, wherein hybridizing is performed on HLA-Chipscontaining microarrays.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein primers forthe first PCR are locus-specific primers.
 13. The method of claim 12,wherein the primers have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-14.
 14. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises DNA from a bacterium ora virus.
 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sequencing thesecond amplicon for an analysis thereof; and analyzing the sequencingdata using the Ricimer allele calling algorithm.
 16. The method of claim15, wherein analysis determines the type of viral or bacterialcontamination.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein analysis determinesone or more of identity, paternity of an individual, forensicinformation, tissue matching, risk factors for the development ofdisease, or response to medication.
 18. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid rings are outlined with hydrophobic paint.
 19. The method of claim1, wherein the DNA is mitochondrial DNA.